Europe may reflect a composition dominated by chlorides. Chlorides do not have spectral identification characteristics at infrared wavelengths, but develop distinct absorbances of visible wavelength under irradiation, as experienced on the surface of Europe. Using spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, we present the detection of an absorption of 450 nm indicative of surface irradiated sodium chloride.

If you watched 2001: Space Odyssey, you need to remember that scene where astronauts run on a giant wheel to practice and receive the daily dose of gravity. This wheel acts as a centrifuge, which simulates the force of gravity . Without gravity, the bones lose strength, the muscles become rickets, and the heart loses its conditioning. When astronauts return from long missions from the International Space Station, they are warned not to move after landing; they are loaded and then go through several weeks of reconditioning to gravity. This means that even if we had the spacecraft ready to travel for years and years in space, astronauts could not bear to spend all this time without gravity. Gravity chambers are critical for long space travel. But so far we have not been able to create any room that does not cause dizziness and nausea in its users. The problem with the wheels generating forces on the bodies is that all this movement creates a paired cross-vision, a hassle in the inner ear that makes you feel like you're somersaulting, and this causes nausea. Slow ignition To try to solve this problem, aerospace engineer Torin Clark conducted a rather funny experiment: he and his team put several volunteers to run on one of these centrifugal machines. The difference between this study and all the previous ones is that they started with rotations very slowly and progressed at different speeds, depending on the adaptation of each person. The advance has been customized. Each participant started with only one spin per minute and increased the speed only when he stopped feeling sick. Gradual acceleration did not happen quickly: they were acclimatized in 10 different sessions. This personalized advancement brought positive results for all participants. At the end of the tenth session, everyone rotated comfortably without feeling sick with an average of 17 revolutions per minute. This number is much higher than that obtained in any previous experiment. The results were published in the June issue of the Journal of Vestibular Research . The research was conducted at the University of Colorado in Boulder (USA). This shows that artificial gravity can be an optimistic option for the future of space travel. “As far as we know, virtually anyone can adapt to this stimulus,” says the researcher. 50 sessions In a similar study, the researchers increased the number of training sessions to 50 and concluded that people also adapt to multiple rotations per minute. Now they want to know how long the benefits of training last after the interruption of Sessions, and how much gravity an astronaut needs to fight the loss of bones and muscles.

Eating Insects can provide a vital food source for the future. Getting people to eat bugs is a step we can all take right now. I'm on a mission to do that.

Mars Society Kenya is a non-profit organization with a youthful community of Space enthusiasts focused on the Space sector. We are the Kenyan Chapter of the American worldwide volunteer-driven space-advocacy non-profit organization under Dr. Robert Zubrin. Our hope and desire is to partner with the Kenyan government in reviving the Space industry in Kenya, through forming partnerships to deliver either individual projects, communal or those of the Kenya Space Agency. Kenya is one of the few countries globally with its own space port. The country is slowly rising from the dust in terms of its involvement in the Space industry and having such a goal first and then working backwards through the measures we as a country need to take in order to achieve this goal is surely the best way to go as we advance our presence in the Space above and beyond. To do this, Mars Society Kenya is working on establishing a Space City. The Space City will be a fully-fledged space academy which will also feature a Mars Simulation Habitat. MARS SOCIETY KENYA has decided to establish a Mars Habitat Simulation Programme / Research Station to be set up in the country. The region is suitable for an MDRS, which will enable both the citizens and any other willing party to practice and experiment on a Martian-like environment, even as we purpose to eventually have a human presence on Mars. This camp will form the basis of all the operations of the port or the main programme of the project. The camp will receive and train people of all walks of life for a fee. In line with the ASI-Sapienza Agreement (between the University of Nairobi and the University of Rome, Italy), successful trainees will qualify to join the space port for internship, this period will serve as the officially working population of the port. The interns will be involved in all manner of the port’s operations. After successfully going through internship, the interns will be placed where they fit best and on their personal accord, to ensure maximum and accident-free business operations. The project is expected to raise its own staff and not unless in the worst case scenario where a post is urgently needed and the internship cannot fill; nor can the current staff work their way up to fill the empty slot, that this slot will be filled by an ‘outsider’. Partners of the project, such as the Italian Space Agency can send their representatives to fill specific posts, but individuals of the same, on a learning experience will have to go through the system like the locals. Our partners, just like those of the Kenya Space Agency will be; - Ministries, Departments and Agencies - Academia (Youth in STEM) - Regional and International Organizations - Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations We are open to partnerships in helping us establish the Space City. We are also accepting donations in cash or kind. More on the project can be found here; Overview: http://kenya.marssociety.org/ Kindly donate: https://www.givingway.com/donate/mars-kenya Read entire manuscript: https://dl.iafastro.directory/event/GLEX-2021/paper/61678/ https://youtu.be/WoN-pfm2Ydo