The magnetic field guarantees life on our planet: what made it work for billions of years? Perhaps a feature of the Earth's core that was not thought of. Illustration: plumes of the Earth's magnetic field | Jurik Peter / Shutterstock One of the characteristics of our Planet is its magnetic field, neither too weak nor too intense: just what is needed to protect the surface of the Earth from charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic radiation. If the magnetic field were not there, life, as it appeared, would disappear in a short time. Today we know that this shield is produced by the motions of liquid iron, the most abundant element in the outer core of the Earth, which gives life to a geodynamo: a planetary dynamo which, originating an electric current, causes the appearance of a magnetic field as a consequence ... This description is a simplification, however, and hides questions for which geologists still have no answers. However, an international study (published in Nature Communications) could make us take a step forward in understanding the mechanism of the geodynamo: for the team, it would be the presence of elements lighter than iron in the Earth's core to allow the geodynamo, in the present as in the past. . The structure of the Earth and the motions of the mantle The structure of the Earth and the motions of the mantle, highlighted by the arrows. The arrows indicate the direction of motion of the mantle, which cools near the crust and partly exits the oceanic ridges and partly returns to the depths. The movement raises and lowers the oceanic crust by up to 2 kilometers. For further information: The paradox of the Earth's core. | Our Planet was formed from the accumulation of dust and gases that surrounded the protostar that would give rise to the Sun: in those early stages the heavier elements - such as iron - aggregated towards the center of what would become a planet, while the lighter ones were distributed and differentiated towards the outside, towards what would become the surface. This is why the Earth today has a chemical diversification passing from the crust to the mantle and up to the core, but there are no homogeneous zones: while the iron sank to form the core, it also dragged with it a part of light elements - such as oxygen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen ... - whose presence is confirmed by seismographs that measure the way in which the seismic waves of mega earthquakes cross the planet. Little importance has been given to these elements in relation to the functioning of the geodynamo, powered, as has always been thought, exclusively by the heat of the inner core. According to this hypothesis, the energy emitted by the inner core is sufficient to keep the liquid iron of the outer core in motion, which thus generates the magnetic field. The new study wants to add a piece to this scenario: it hypothesizes that the lighter elements present in the outer core lower the threshold of the temperature necessary to keep liquid iron in motion, and that, without these elements, perhaps it would never have triggered the geodynamic effect, even with the same heat. The models used for the study have highlighted a scenario in which 8% of silica in the outer core would be sufficient to have the geodynamo in operation from the beginning of the planet's history to today. There are still no projections or models on the role of the other light elements, and this is what the next studies will focus on.

Space science next year will be rocketed forward with missions to the Moon, asteroids, Mars and the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope coming online. Why it matters: The data sent back to Earth from these upcoming missions will help scientists learn more than ever before about objects in the solar system and far beyond it. Get market news worthy of your time with Axios Markets. Subscribe for free. https://link.axios.com/join/markets-signup What's happening: Space agencies like NASA, the European Space Agency and Japan's space agency, JAXA, are all aiming to send probes to various targets around the solar system this year. They include: Mars: The European Space Agency and Russia are planning to launch their joint ExoMars lander and rover to the surface of the Red Planet in September. It will join NASA's Perseverance and Curiosity rovers on the Martian surface. Both are expected to continue their work next year. Asteroids: NASA's Psyche mission is due to launch in August 2022 on a mission to explore a strange, metal-dominated asteroid that may have once been part of the core of a long-dead planet. NASA's DART mission is also expected to arrive at its asteroid target next year in the hopes of slamming into it and figuring out just what it would take to throw a dangerous space rock off of a collision course with Earth. The Moon: NASA is expected to launch the first flight of its Space Launch System mega-rocket on a trip around the Moon, and the space agency plans to load it with scientific experiments. The rocket will carry a clutch of small satellites that will investigate water in the lunar environment. Other nations like Japan, Russia and India are also aiming to send missions to the Moon next year. Russia's mission — called Luna-25 — is https://www.russianspaceweb.com/luna_glob_lander.html designed to search for water near the south pole of the Moon. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope — the successor to the Hubble — is also expected to be up and running starting early in 2022. https://www.axios.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-55169933-6558-4240-9d05-fda169711883.html The JWST is tasked with no less than piecing together the early history of the universe using its powerful, sensitive instrumentation to see the light of some of the universe's first galaxies and cut through dust to see newborn stars. The space telescope is also expected to parse the atmospheres of distant alien planets. Between the lines: As all of these missions launch and arrive at their targets, astronomers and planetary scientists will also be shoring up their goals for the coming years. https://www.axios.com/astronomys-field-survey-release-f2abc6ce-6e57-4968-a1f4-fb79a908bd7b.html In 2021, an influential report laid out the major priorities for the next decade of astronomy and astrophysics, centering on the idea that scientists should strive to find a potential twin of Earth orbiting a star like the Sun. 2022 will be the year that researchers and agencies like NASA continue to find ways to prioritize those goals and others laid out by the scientific community this year. What to watch: China is expected to continue collecting data from ongoing robotic missions to the Moon and Mars. The nation is also expected to complete its space station in the next year or so, providing a new platform for possible scientific research above Earth. Like this article? Get more from Axios and subscribe to Axios Markets for free. https://link.axios.com/join/markets-signup more : https://news.yahoo.com/moon-mars-asteroid-missions-top-120048079.html

Here is an article from Space.com about growing veggies in space. Enjoy! https://www.space.com/astronauts-harvest-space-lettuce-veggie-experiment.html

in the beginning it was al about receiving the good signals true our brain.. mostly by night and in caves.. then came the evolution of deciding.. species could decide during the day and receive by night or rest.. when humans became powerful due natural resources their thinking and evolution went the most luxury way to survive the earth.. so they needed no longer the receiver part of their brain.. now.. after many catastrophes and very difficult times we search again for that sender and receiver part.. - but the problem is that humans have discarded the natural earth and its natural and magnetic signals.. so that we have lost the sane decisions from the natural world and have exchanged them for electronics and weird spiritual ways.. - this makes us far more advanced then ever before.. but we will pay a price for it.. namely the extinction of humans able to connect directly with the natural world.. to name the most important ones wild tribes, original populations and spiritual leaders.. - if we ever should go to space then we have to be sure to take our foundations with us.. and by that i mean a piece of the natural world in its natural environment.. so that it can adopt to space and not be forced by humans.. Grtz, Dirk.

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