With a Crew Dragon spacecraft equipped with the largest porthole ever sent into space, SpaceX will once again be the first to inaugurate the true season of space tourism, with a first flight that will fund research activities on tumors. If we have so often said, "this is the first flight of the space tourists", there is, however, always been at least a new, large or small, has made us think again: we don't want food controversies between space company, but to SpaceX at the time scheduled for September 25, has all the numbers to truly be a pleasure trip, a tourist, in fact. Flight Inspiration4 (I4) will not go to the Space Station (as the first space tourists did, from Dennis Tito onwards), but will reach Earth orbit and stay there for about four days, floating in space (as Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin flights did not): the crew will be entirely composed of tourists, from the pilot to the passengers. They will depart from the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 23 aboard The Crew Dragon Resilience spacecraft, launched by a Falcon 9. Fundraising. The crew is composed of civilians, women and men who are space beginners, that is, who have never had experience of spaceflight - in short, it is an entirely private flight. The objective is to raise funds (millions of dollars) for the research and treatment of cancer - in particular, those pediatric - St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (Tennessee, USA), whose operating costs are of the order of us $ 2.8 million a day, but nothing is charged to the patients. In the intentions of the crew it is therefore a flight full of symbols that have been carved on them, designed to encourage humanity to take ever better roads. Crew. Jared Isaacman embodies the leadership; founder and ceo of Shift4Payment (platform for digital payments), you will be the commander of the I4: founded his company at the age of 16 years, at 21, he obtained the licence of the pilot and then became a pilot of commercial and military aircraft, collecting several records in the world (from the performances in the air-on the show, around the world in a jet in a little less than 62 hours); on the 12th of August, he announced that the edge of the Resilience there will be 32 kg of hops that, back to the Ground, will be auctioned off to finance the projects of the St Jude. The hope is the story of Hayley Arceneaux, 29 years old, assistant physician to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, a medical officer aboard the I4: born in Louisiana (USA), at the age of 10 years, was diagnosed with osteosarcoma (bone cancer); successfully treated at St. Jude, he is now working in the same hospital with patients suffering from leukemia and lymphoma - will now become the youngest american to reach orbit. For the prosperity, there is Sian Proctor, pilot of the mission: born in Hagåtña (Guam, USA), geoscienziata, explorer and a specialist in scientific communication, Proctor is a professor of geology at the South Mountain Community College (Phoenix, Arizona), where he is also responsible for education aerospace for the Arizona Wing of the Civil Air Patrol. In the field for generosity will be Christopher Sembroski with the role of mission specialist: engineer and veteran of the US Air Force, consultant for Space Camp (program to bring children and young people closer to space and science), works as an engineer at Lockheed Martin. Training. The crew underwent a relatively short, but very intensive training. Isaacman and Proctor have learned to control the spacecraft in the unlikely event that they are required to take control of it during the flight-which is expected to be fully controlled from the ground. During the training the four tourists aspiring astronauts familiarized themselves with the spacecraft and its emergency systems; they studied the launch operations of the previous missions, and the phases of ditching; they undertook zero-gravity flight training to familiarize themselves with the feeling of weightlessness and the immediate effects on the body. In mid-July they wore SpaceX spacesuits for the first time, and on August 9 and 10 they trained on decommissioned military jets to familiarize themselves with the gravitational forces to which they will be subjected to launch. Mission. For the Falcon 9 booked for the I4 will be the third flight, Resilience, officially the Crew Dragon C207, although modified, was that of the SpaceX Crew-1, the first mission of operation (after the mission demonstration of may 2020) that brought the astronauts of NASA and Jaxa on the space Station in November 2020 - may 2021): in particular, you removed the system docked to the ISS, and in its place was located a gigantic dome that will provide the crew with a view of the unprecedented of the Earth 360 degrees - it is the largest "window" never carried into space until now. The flight will not exceed 5 days, maximum time for which the spacecraft was built before having to dock for supplies: it has not yet been declared what will be done on board, but it will probably be a nice tourist flight, with very few tasks to perform except those of enjoying the view of land and space from a privileged position.

The future of mobiles and PCs? They invented an electrical circuit that uses droplets of liquid metal as conductors. And ensures flexibility, strength and recyclability.The technology of the most modern smartphones combined with the resistance of older phones: not a utopia, but a possible goal thanks to the invention of a flexible, resistant and recyclable electrical circuit. The team of researchers that conducted the study, the details of which have been published in Communications Materials, he is convinced that this discovery will pave the way for a new type of electronic devices that will be able to repair itself and reconfigure themselves, and can be fully recycled at the end of their life.Endless possibilities. Devices currently on the market, such as mobile phones or PCs, contain rigid cables and welded together, which stop working if they fail or are cut. The revolution of flexible circuits lies precisely in their resistance: even if punctured or damaged, they continue to function and transmit electricity. All this is possible thanks to the use of tiny drops of metal that pass inside an elastomer (a kind of "rubber") to be isolated. "To create circuits, we connect the metal drops together," explains Ravi Tutika, head of the studio. "We can then decide to separate them locally to rebuild new circuits, or even dissolve all the bonds and start from scratch by recycling the materials entirely."Indestructible. The circuits are flexible and continue to work even if they are extremely damaged: if they are pierced, instead of losing the connection totally, as in the case of traditional electrical cables, the droplets join around the hole formed and continue to transmit energy. The circuits can also stretch and continue to work: during the studies, the team managed to extend the device up to ten times its original length. "It's an exciting discovery, "says Michael Bartlett, one of the authors,"that projects us directly into a future of new flexible and sustainable technologies, more resilient and environmentally friendly."

A Japanese Transformer on the Moon The JAXA sends to the Moon a small robot transformer, quite similar to those of the famous comic. It will prepare the return of human astronauts. The robot of the JAXA: it splits into two hemispheres and changes shape as in a science fiction film. The robot of the JAXA: it splits into two hemispheres and changes shape as in a science fiction film. JAXA The next rover that will land on the Moon could be quite similar to the Transformer robots protagonists of the eponymous manga. JAXA, the Japanese space agency, has asked several companies and research bodies to make a small robot to be sent to our satellite to explore its surface and check the soil conditions. Objective of the mission: to collect data and information useful for the design of a future inhabited moon base. A very serious toy. The project involves researchers from Doshisa University, Sony Corporation and also Tomy Company, a toy manufacturer. The request of JAXA is to make the most of the technologies and to develop a robot that, at launch, is small and light. The agency asked its employees to work on a sphere of 8 centimeters in diameter and weighing not more than 250 grams. The result is the project of a spherical robot, which once landed on the Moon divides into two hemispheres joined together by an axis. The two halves thus become the wheels of the small rover that will have as its main objective to test the regolith, the very fine dust that covers the lunar soil, and gather useful information for the design of a larger rover, perhaps guided by a flesh-and-blood astronaut. The small transformer will collect soil samples, carry out analysis and take photographs: all the data will be transmitted to the lander (the shuttle dropped on the moon) that took it to the Moon and from here to Mission Control On Earth. JAXA and the Japanese government have made it clear several times that they do not want to be excluded from a hypothetical, future, international moon station. For this reason the project of the minilander is proceeding at a rapid pace and the space agency expects to send it to our satellite already by the end of 2022.

Since February 18, NASA has landed the perseverance probe on the ground of Mars . On board what the technicians call a demonstrator: a small drone. The mission that was entrusted to this small aircraft was to verify the feasibility of flight in the atmosphere of Mars. The planet has an atmosphere that has a density of 1% compared to that of the Earth. Only this data shows the technical difficulty of making the first Martian flight. Flight dynamics, as dimensioned on earth, are different from those present on the Red Planet. The next flights ( albeit short ) perhaps will see the drone rise to a higher altitude than already reached; it must be revealed how sustainable the flight is.

Il mistero nascosto del numero 137, secondo me legato al 369 di Nikola Tesla : ll 137 è il numero del mistero, infatti ha affascinato molti fisici e studiosi nel corso dei secoli, come Wolfgang Pauli. Si ritiene che il 137 possa essere il numero alla base dell'universo, un numero primordiale, un numero da cui tutto dipende e che controlla e ordina tutto ciò che vediamo. La scomposizione del numero in geometria : 137   =    1       3        7   1     =   Apice in comune piramidi a base triangolare.   3    =    Vertici della base triangolare delle piramidi.   7    =    Il numero dei vertici di due piramidi a base triangolare che sovrapposti si incontrano nel loro apice.                                           1 piramide sotto 137 = 1+3+7 = 11 = 2           2 energie                                            1 piramide sopra  1:137 = 0.00729927007299 = 7+2+9+9+2+7+7+2+9+9 = 63 = 9 1*0.00729927007299=63=9 3*0.00729927007299=48=3 7*0.00729927007299=51=6   Ps: post correlati https://www.facebook.com/100012418695111/posts/1132513280505951/?d=n https://www.facebook.com/100012418695111/posts/1131287153961897/?d=n https://www.facebook.com/100012418695111/posts/1132170707206875/?d=n Commenti differenti  https://www.facebook.com/100012418695111/posts/1040099549747325/?d=n

An interesting novelty in the field of wind turbines has recently appeared. It is a cylinder structured to" vibrate " when it is stressed by the wind. Compared to the well-known image of conventional wind turbines with the three blades of various sizes in relation to the capacity of electricity production, this type appears (currently ) as a pole about three meters high . The amount of energy it produces is currently small, but it has been shown to be able to produce it without environmental imperfections or subsonic frequency disturbances at the expense of animals. It is an excellent complement to solar panel technology. In many cases, in fact, the sunset coincides with the presence of breezes and winds given by the variation of temperatures between water and land, between hilly areas and plains etc. An aspect for the future moment could see this type of generator also on the surface of Mars. We consider the simple structure and possible modularity of the transport in assemblable sections on site. Recently the probes, which are already in action on the Martian soil, have transmitted to us the "voice" of the Martian wind.

Earth’s modern atmosphere is highly oxygenated and is a remotely detectable signal of its surface biosphere. However, the lifespan of oxygen-based biosignatures in Earth’s atmosphere remains uncertain, particularly for the distant future. Here we use a combined biogeochemistry and climate model to examine the likely timescale of oxygen-rich atmospheric conditions on Earth. Using a stochastic approach, we find that the mean future lifespan of Earth’s atmosphere, with oxygen levels more than 1% of the present atmospheric level, is 1.08 ± 0.14 billion years (1σ). The model projects that a deoxygenation of the atmosphere, with atmospheric O2 dropping sharply to levels reminiscent of the Archaean Earth, will most probably be triggered before the inception of moist greenhouse conditions in Earth’s climate system and before the extensive loss of surface water from the atmosphere. We find that future deoxygenation is an inevitable consequence of increasing solar fluxes, whereas its precise timing is modulated by the exchange flux of reducing power between the mantle and the ocean–atmosphere–crust system. Our results suggest that the planetary carbonate–silicate cycle will tend to lead to terminally CO2-limited biospheres and rapid atmospheric deoxygenation, emphasizing the need for robust atmospheric biosignatures applicable to weakly oxygenated and anoxic exoplanet atmospheres and highlighting the potential importance of atmospheric organic haze during the terminal stages of planetary habitability. Main The field of exoplanet astronomy is on the verge of the first detailed characterization of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, with heightened expectations for the potential detection of spectroscopic indicators of habitability, and possibly life, using the next generation of space- and ground-based telescopes1,2,3. However, a robust framework for remote life detection requires a detailed understanding of the factors that lead to the emergence and long-term maintenance of atmospheric biosignatures, including a full understanding of potential atmospheric compositions in the broader context of planetary biogeochemistry4. Although numerous potential atmospheric biosignatures have been proposed5, molecular oxygen (O2) and its photochemical by-product ozone (O3) remain at the forefront of approaches towards remote life detection owing to their strong absorption at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, the importance of biology in controlling their atmospheric abundances and the potential for homogeneity in abundance throughout the atmospheric column4,6. As a result, considerable effort has been directed towards understanding atmospheric oxygenation on habitable worlds and the factors that might lead to abiotic oxygen-rich atmospheres7,8,9. At present, Earth’s photosynthetic biosphere supports large gross fluxes of O2 to the ocean–atmosphere system—roughly 9 × 1015 mol O2 yr−1 (ref. 10)—with the result that the modern atmosphere is roughly 20% O2 by volume. However, the presence of oxygenic phototrophs on its own may not be enough to maintain a strongly oxygenated atmosphere. It is generally thought that the abundance of O2 in Earth’s atmosphere has been well below that of today for most of Earth’s history11, and that the modern atmospheric O2 abundance developed only after the emergence of land plants12,13, which have evolved to accelerate the geochemical cycles of bioessential elements (most importantly phosphorus) in Earth surface environments14,15. Thus, charting the history of planetary oxygenation after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis requires an understanding of how biospheric productivity (and the subsequent burial of reduced materials into sediments) changes in response to evolving environmental conditions. Previous work on the future lifespan of Earth’s biosphere has focused principally on the links between secular changes in solar luminosity, the stability of the carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle and the loss of surface water to space16,17,18,19,20. One robust result that emerges from this theoretical framework is a continuous decrease in the abundance of atmospheric CO2 through time, as steadily increasing solar luminosity inexorably drives down the abundance of atmospheric CO2 that is required to balance rates of crustal weathering with volcanic CO2 output16,17,21. However, several models suggest that, in spite of this thermal buffering mechanism, Earth will enter the moist greenhouse climate state at some point within approximately the next 2 billion years (Gyr)—a regime in which elevated atmospheric temperatures allow Earth’s stratosphere to become moist, leading to permanent water loss from Earth’s surface16,17,18,19,22,23. In addition, this drawdown of atmospheric CO2 may result in a fundamental shift to a photosynthetic biosphere that is CO2 limited—for instance, some models predict that terrestrial C3 plants will cease to be viable at Earth’s surface less than ~500 Myr into Earth’s future16. If true, this might place a long-term physical limit on the ability of photosynthetic biospheres to maintain high levels of atmospheric oxygen, giving rise to a fundamental trade-off between long-term stellar evolution, the geologic carbon cycle and the intrinsic timescale of atmospheric oxygenation. Here, we examine the future lifespan of Earth’s oxygenated atmosphere using a combined biogeochemistry and climate model (Fig. 1; Methods). Assessing the lifespan of Earth’s oxygenated atmosphere requires quantitative models that include a complete treatment of oxygen-related biogeochemical processes at the planetary surface over geologic time, as well as mechanistic linkages between surface environments and the planetary interior. Our model builds on previous similar Earth system models12 that track the coupled carbon, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles in the exogenic (that is, atmosphere, ocean and crust) system (Fig. 1). However, we extend this framework by incorporating a global biogeochemical methane (CH4) cycle, including a range of key biological metabolisms, parameterized atmospheric photochemistry within the O2–O3–CH4 system24,25 and the radiative impact of CH4 on the global energy balance26. Our model also explicitly evaluates redox exchange between the crust and mantle, allowing a comprehensive evaluation of the planetary processes controlling atmospheric O2 levels over geologic time. The model is designed to capture the major components of Earth system biogeochemistry and climate, but is abstracted enough to allow for large model ensembles that can be run for billions of years of model time. Fig. 1: Schematic model structure. figure1 Boxes denote reservoirs, whereas arrows denote flux terms. The model tracks the major reservoirs and transfer fluxes within the surface carbon, sulfur, oxygen and phosphorus cycles, along with a comprehensive treatment of ocean biogeochemistry and long-term transfers between the crust–ocean–atmosphere system and the mantle. Atm, atmosphere; DIC, dissolved inorganic carbon; ALK, alkalinity; DOA, degree of anoxia. Full size image We employed a stochastic approach in which we drew randomly from a wide range of potential values for parameters controlling the major geophysical boundary conditions of the model, including variability (cycle and amplitude) in outgassing rates and erosional forcing (Methods and Extended Data Figs. 1–3), and initialized the model at 600 Myr ago (Ma). We then repeatedly ran the model forward in time until the present day (n = ~400,000), and subsampled model runs (n = 4,787) that roughly reproduced modern atmospheric composition (using atmospheric mixing ratios of O2 and CO2 of 20% T0 (273 K). For Tice < Ts < T0, the albedo is interpolated with a quadratic interpolation method62. RFCH4 represents the radiative forcing by methane, which is quantified on the basis of ref. 26. Recent 1D modelling results suggest that relatively small increases in solar luminosity could conceivably trigger a runaway greenhouse on Earth63,64. However, 3D climate models indicate that Earth’s climate is likely to be more stable than this as a consequence of the expansion of unsaturated regions in the upper atmosphere attendant to changes in Hadley circulation that occur at higher solar fluxes23,65. Given the quantitative consistency between the above 0D energy balance model and recent 3D climate models35 (Supplementary Fig. 1), we consider our utilization of a zero-dimensional energy balance model a defensible approximation of planetary climate for implementation on 106−109 yr timescales. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that future projections of Earth system behaviour will probably be modulated by uncertain cloud feedbacks and continental configurations. As a result, in our Monte Carlo analysis we explored uncertainties in OLR and TOA (Extended Data Fig. 3). Stochastic analysis The computational efficiency of the model enabled us to examine the future lifespan of the oxygenated atmosphere via a stochastic analysis, in which we randomly sampled from a prior distribution for poorly constrained parameters and quantified whole-model uncertainty (Extended Data Fig. 3). We drew poorly constrained initial values for crustal C and S reservoir sizes at 600 Ma over a wide range of values. We also varied the reference values of fluxes between the exogenic system and the mantle (subduction and mantle degassing) to capture uncertainties in model parameterization. After running the model forward in time until the present, we only sampled model runs that allowed for acceptable atmospheric composition (20%

Space, The Last Frontier. A curiosity related to this new generation of settlers. Economic treatment. An astronaut earns enough, but not as much as one might imagine. Nasa civilian astronauts are classified as GS-12 and GS-13 civil servants, depending on their skills and seniority. According to the salaries of 2020, for them we speak of a figure between 66, 167 and 161, 141 gross dollars per year. In euros, they are between 55.000 and 134.000 euros a year gross, which net become between 42.000 and 91.000 approximately. Figures perhaps lower than the expectations of our fantasies? It is the call of the frontier; it is the call of knowledge.

In our endless search to understand the Universe and our place within it, precious little blips in data can hint at entire new worlds. Dips in the light levels of a star can betray the presence of orbiting planets - and now astronomers have taken the first steps towards using peeps of radio emission to reveal new exoplanetary mysteries. In our endless search to understand the Universe and our place within it, precious little blips in data can hint at entire new worlds. Dips in the light levels of a star can betray the presence of orbiting planets - and now astronomers have taken the first steps towards using peeps of radio emission to reveal new exoplanetary mysteries. A few years ago, the team developed the BOREALIS pipeline program to do just that. They tested it on Jupiter and then calculated what Jupiter's radio emissions would look like if it were much farther away. There have already been some tentative detections of new planets using these radio emissions, including early this year when astronomers linked radio wave activity to interactions between star GJ 1151's magnetic field and a potential Earth-sized planet. But these have all yet to be confirmed by follow-up radio observations.So Turner's team decided to test the technique they developed, using Netherland's Low Frequency Array Radiotelescope (LOFAR) to look at three systems with known exoplanets: 55 Cancri, Upsilon Andromedae, and Tau Boötis. Only the Tau Boötis system, 51 light years away, exhibited the peeps in radio data that fit the researchers' predictions from their tests with Jupiter. It came in the form of 14-21 MHz bursty emissions and is within roughly three standard deviations of certainty (3.2 sigma). In 1996, a hot-Jupiter exoplanet was discovered on a 3.3128-day orbit around the scorching young F-type star and the smaller red dwarf that make up the Tau Boötis binary system. "We make the case for an emission by the planet itself," said Turner. "From the strength and polarisation of the radio signal and the planet's magnetic field, it is compatible with theoretical predictions." If their measurements are correct, they suggest the planet's surface magnetic field strength ranges from around 5 to 11 gauss (Jupiter ranges from 4 to 13 gauss, for comparison, and measurements of its magnetic field have revealed the planet has a core of metallic hydrogen). The observed magnetic field emission strength also fits previous predictions. "The magnetic field of Earth-like exoplanets may contribute to their possible habitability," Turner explained, "by shielding their own atmospheres from solar wind and cosmic rays, and protecting the planet from atmospheric loss." The signal they detected is weak and still needs to be verified by other low-frequency telescopes before researchers can confirm the true origin of the detected radio emissions. "We cannot rule out stellar flares as the source of the emissions," the researchers cautioned, but emissions from the planet remain a possibility. If other telescopes like LOFAR-LBA and NenuFAR can corroborate these findings, such radio emission detections from exoplanets will open up an exciting new field of research, providing us with a potential way to peer further into distant, alien worlds.

It is an event that happens to attend infrequently: the explosion of a supernova. The explosion of a star . It happened in the spiral galaxy NGC 2525, 70 million light years from us. The event was followed by the Hubble Space Telescope regularly photographing the position of the star the footage is a time lapse of the photos taken between 2018 and July 2019.. it is a type Ia supernova, the death of a star a white dwarf that, in the fury of subtracting material to a astro to his companion within a binary system reaches a "point of no return" beyond this critical threshold, which for this type of stars we know to be 1.44 solar masses, the core becomes so hot, triggering a series of reactions, thermonuclear that lead in a short time a violent explosion.The one tracked by Hubble These supernovae, which come to be 5 billion times more shining of the Sun, are a point of reference for astronomers, observing their apparent magnitude (i.e. brightness, from a certain point of observation on the Earth), they can calculate their distance and that of the galaxies in which they are located.