I have spent half a decade in the humanitarian and community-building arena, working with refugees, victims of war; f rom the community hubs of tsunami affected Tohoku, to the art of refugees in London, I have discovered that through empowering human creativity, free thought and imagination, we advance as a species, we develop our empathy and ingenuity.  It is my intention to advocate for the encouragement of these ideas and principles and insure that diversity in all its forms is upheld in the Asgardian - and by extension, the human future.  I have simultaneously developed a practical strategy for applying the human imagination to solving problems of conflict and building peace.  Peace enables life, science and creativity and I will use my training under veteran peacemakers to apply this philosophy and advocate for Asgardia's role as a beacon for peaceful progress and the ethical development of humanity.  Hope is an act of the imagination, just as hate is and thus, I believe we are in our total power to choose futures and enable ourselves as agents of compassionate and creative progress.  It is my intention to be such, an enabler.  To make sure it will always be possible for each of us to Love, Imagine & Speak.

In conflict we often forget, that life is about possibility, about choice and that it is our reaching from the present to the future that  makes life possible; moving beyond the nihilism of hate, retaliation and destructive conflict, by ‘hoping’, this will be the focus of our discussion, how the imagination, how imagining as an act can facilitate and create peace.

This is an exploration,  and as such, we are not simply making a case for the applicability of visualisation or imaging techniques in contributing to peace processes but in doing so, we’re also going to illustrate the necessary connection between the imagination and the act of making peace.  This act of believing, of having faith in something better, in the future, in a ‘peace’ this volition of the imagination we believe is what is generally termed ‘hope’; it is our aim to explore the experience of this ‘hope’, and how it can be utilised as an active means of spreading and creating peace through such mediums as visualisation and imaging techniques.  However, we must first qualify the notion of peace as a deeply personal experience, making the function of individual hope and thus, individual imagination relevant and paramount.  In doing so, we also seek to illustrate how the very act of ‘hoping’, of imagining a future, is an act of peace in and of itself, a volition to live in and of itself.  Just as the act of believing in the possibility of peace, of imagining peace, is also an act of moving forwards.

From there, we will move on to illustrate the phenomenological link between ‘hope’ and imaginative volition and visualisation, illustrating how this can help build peace particularly at the grass roots, but also at the macro level.  We will likewise look at the shortcomings of such an approach and try to examine where it in fact may be inappropriate if at all.  At large, our discussion will be theoretical, though referring frequently to practical and applied techniques and case studies.   It should also be noted, that the techniques we are to explore, though relevant on the micro and macro level, are recommendations we put forward in the context of unofficial mediation and other non-official peace building initiatives.

This is not to say that they should not be carried out on the official level, sanctioned by state authorities, but it should be noted that the context of such processes involves a variety of different factors, including political pressure, public opinion etc. on a higher level when state actors are engaging with and through other state actors.  These hindrances, are not as prevalent in an unofficial context, where actors are engaged by facilitators who lack any hard-power and thus can pose no threat, allowing for a greater level of freedom in engagement, whilst it may also make it easier for local-level stakeholders and actors to engage, trusting that facilitators are participating without pursuing their ow agendas, and as such are truly ‘listening to what the protagonists have to say.  It is in this capacity and its  uncertainty that we will examine the potential of visualisation.

To make the case for the applicability for ‘imaging’ in building peace, we have to first consider what we mean when we refer to the notion of ‘peace’.  We will not discuss such notions as Galtung’s (2007:14-35)  understanding of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ peace; the latter referring to an absence of violence, whilst the former referring to a substantive, structural and institutional state of justice.  However, we argue that  such notions of peace, be they negative or positive, whether they equate with justice, development, with a lack of dynamism or a void, I believe that though they may describe what peace may appear to be, its characteristics and  functionalities, they cannot possibly hope to describe what it ‘is’ and neither can we.  Where these explanations fail is that they actually seek to concisely define peace when it is in fact a highly dynamic, complex and subjective concept.  Thus, we argue that the popular understanding of peace is based on an understanding of the amicable or of what peace could supposedly bring about: social justice etc. our discussion will follow on the basis, not on what it is, nor on what it appears to result in, but rather how it ‘behaves’, and in doing so make it possible to refer to it on an experiential, phenomenological level.

The Global Peace Index quantifies various forms of inequity when trying to ‘measure’ peace in contrast to violence, conflict and discord  (Vision of Humanity: 2012).  We will not only argue that conflict is not in antithesis to peace but if expressed in a certain way, can be constructive (Linder: 2009), that peace as a quantifiable substance is not what should be of paramount importance with regards to the application of imaging and visualisation techniques.  This is not to say that Galtung’s explanation of ‘positive peace’ as the absence of structural and institutional inequity isn’t important, on the contrary as Burton (1990) illustrates, structural harms such as poverty, oppression, exploitation and discrimination, cannot be ignored, and require attention because of their affect on basic human needs, because of their generation of misery, discontent and hate, significant ‘structural changes’ are necessary to combat suffering and work towards a ‘just peace’; as Webel (2007: 5-6) states, we often identify peace based on its absence because in the very least it’s a “..precondition for our emotional well being”.

However, our focus will be on that ‘misery’, ‘discontent’ and ‘hate’ created by very real suffering and on the world views, perceptions and ideas generated as a result and in tandem with them, as Curle (1995) argues, though material circumstances may be capricious, it is in human perception that conflict and concord alike are created and waged, as the UNESCO (1945) constitution states: “Since war begins in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.”, in the perceiving, experiencing and feeling human imagination subject to both hope and despair, it is this capacity for perception, which creates what Hamber (2006: 207) called “the politics of person”, because it is on the micro level, in our minds and hearts that all experiences gain significance, because we are there to experience.  Stewart and Strathern (2006), propose similarly that terror produced of despair originates in the perceiving mind just as the ‘peace’ of the hoping mind.   This feeds into a notion purported by Richmond (2012), that even in circumstances of severe discord, destruction and terror, people still live on, people still pursue normalcy for themselves and their loved ones, if that’s taking their children to school, cooking food, taking care of the elderly or just talking; they create through their act of living, what Richmond calls an “everyday peace”, fuelled by perception, by ‘faith’, or ‘hope’.

As such, we are to use Webel’s (2007: 7-8) ‘dialectic’ understanding of how peace behaves conceptually, that it is not an absolute substance, that it is not a static, unchanging constant, but is dynamic, changing and deeply personal, but is necessarily an anticipation, a wish, or a ‘hope’, into the future from the present.  Peace is in “flux”, it is a matter of “ethical transformation”, a non-absolute truth, a “hope”, it is a dialectic, not a tangible ideal, but a deeply personal and “intangible” pursuit;

“The means and the goal are in continual, dialectical evolution, sometimes regressing during periods of acute violent conflict and sometimes progressing non-violently and less violently to actualize political justice and social equity.”

This dialectic understanding of peace in-turn supports our earlier assertion that conflict can be constructive, as this process of ‘hoping’, of believing and aspiring on a personal level requires the constant dynamic of interacting, contradicting and synthesising ideas.  It is this creative process we argue, that should be directly utilised in peace-making processes and activities, to utilize the human imagination fully in its act of hoping and create alternative visions of life and of action, building on Galtung’s (2007: 28) approach of engaging actors on the “reality” or ‘peace’ they seek rather than focusing purely on their hatred and rage against the other, moving their energies to a more positive focus, away from the perception that war or violent conflict is necessary, as “Once we believe in the inevitability of war, war becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy” (Kucinich 2009) and in doing so, help parties explore what they truly hold dear and the world they want those things to exist in; illustrating that one of the most astounding faculties of the human imagination is its capacity for hope and that in-turn its capability to make peace by imagining futures.

That process will be undoubtedly difficult, but we will assert that no conflict is intractable in the face of the human imagination and its capacity to hope and that it can even help facilitate a dialogue of engagement within what Rambostham (2012) calls a ‘radical disagreement’, instances when different world views are irreconcilable.  However, this is not to say that the imagination cannot be utilised to create a third world view congruent with the latter two, or at least aid the two with coming to terms with one another’s existence, rather, in any conflict expressed constructively, there will be an opportunity or ‘point of transformation’ (Glouberman 1989: 297), as well as an experiential and process-based resolution – “…a clarification of a confused picture that has a kind of rightness about it.” Glouberman (ibid.) goes further too to state that as such: “Another word for point of transformation is hope.  Another word for resolution is peace.” (ibid.).

As both Burton (1990: 266-7) and Curle (1995) agree, that there is a deep need for a significant paradigm shift in mass perception and that likewise, as the current paradigm of violence began in the human imagination, so too does a paradigm of hope.

Series to be continued.

As host of The Interplanetary Podcast, an internationally acclaimed podcast, that was created as an outlet for the British Interplanetary Society, I've spent a great deal of my time spreading the word and advocating the use of space for the good of all mankind.  I'm also an HE programme leader at the ACM in Guildford and am passionate that education should be at the centre of any policy.  My passion is for critical thinking and scientific thought, balanced with philosophy and Sagan style searching for the truth in an inclusive and compassionate way.

This week we talk about Asteroids, Meteors, and Meteorites with Debbie Lewis - Asteroid Day Science adviser and disaster management adviser on civil protection arrangements required in response to asteroid impact events.  This fascinating insight into the work of Asteroid Day was recorded at the incredible British Interplanetary Society Library on 14th Feb just before the 4 year anniversary of the Chelyabinsk Meteor event.

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Sustainable living

Sustainable living is a lifestyle that attempts to reduce an individual's or society's use of the earth's natural resources and personal resources.  Practitioners of sustainable living often attempt to reduce their carbon footprint by altering methods of transportation, energy consumption, and diet.  Proponents of sustainable living aim to conduct their lives in ways that are consistent with sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity's symbiotic relationship with the earth's natural ecology and cycles.  The practice and general philosophy of ecological living is highly interrelated with the overall principles of sustainable development.

Lester R. Brown, a prominent environmentalist and founder of the Worldwatch Institute and Earth Policy Institute, describes sustainable living in the twenty-first century as "shifting to a renewable energy–based, reuse/recycle economy with a diversified transport system."  In addition to this philosophy, practical eco-village builders like Living Villages maintain that the shift to renewable technologies will only be successful if the resultant built environment is attractive to a local culture and can be maintained and adapted as necessary over the generations.

The three pillars of sustainability.

Circles of Sustainability image (assessment - Melbourne 2011)

Sustainable living is fundamentally the application of sustainability to lifestyle choice and decisions. One conception of sustainable living expresses what it means in triple-bottom-line terms as meeting present ecological, societal, and economical needs without compromising these factors for future generations.  Another broader conception describes sustainable living in terms of four interconnected social domains: economics, ecology, politics and culture. In the first conception, sustainable living can be described as living within the innate carrying capacities defined by these factors. In the second or Circles of Sustainability conception, sustainable living can be described as negotiating the relationships of needs within limits across all the interconnected domains of social life, including consequences for future human generations and non-human species.

Sustainable design and sustainable development are critical factors to sustainable living. Sustainable design encompasses the development of appropriate technology, which is a staple of sustainable living practices.  Sustainable development in turn is the use of these technologies in infrastructure. Sustainable architecture and agriculture are the most common examples of this practice.

1954 The publication of Living the Good Life by Helen and Scott Nearing marked the beginning of the modern day sustainable living movement. The publication paved the way for the "back-to-the-land movement" in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

1962 The publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson marked another major milestone for the sustainability movement.

1972 Donella Meadows wrote the international bestseller The Limits to Growth, which reported on a study of long-term global trends in population, economics and the environment. It sold millions of copies and was translated into 28 languages.

1973 E. F. Schumacher published a collection of essays on shifting towards sustainable living through the appropriate use of technology in his book Small is Beautiful.

1992–2002 The United Nations held a series of conferences, which focused on increasing sustainability within societies to conserve the Earth's natural resources. The Earth Summit conferences were held in 1992, 1972 and 2002.

2007 the United Nations published Sustainable Consumption and Production, Promoting Climate-Friendly Household Consumption Patterns, which promoted sustainable lifestyles in communities and homes.

An example of ecological housing

On a global scale, shelter is associated with about 25% of the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in household purchases and 26% of households' land use.

Sustainable homes are built using sustainable methods, materials, and facilitate green practices, enabling a more sustainable lifestyle. Their construction and maintenance have neutral impacts on the Earth. Often, if necessary, they are close in proximity to essential services such as grocery stores, schools, daycares, work, or public transit making it possible to commit to sustainable transportation choices.  Sometimes, they are off-the-grid homes that do not require any public energy, water, or sewer service.

If not off-the-grid, sustainable homes may be linked to a grid supplied by a power plant that is using sustainable power sources, buying power as is normal convention. Additionally, sustainable homes may be connected to a grid, but generate their own electricity through renewable means and sell any excess to a utility. There are two common methods to approaching this option: net metering and double metering.

Net metering uses the common meter that is installed in most homes, running forward when power is used from the grid, and running backward when power is put into the grid (which allows them to “net“ out their total energy use, putting excess energy into the grid when not needed, and using energy from the grid during peak hours, when you may not be able to produce enough immediately). Power companies can quickly purchase the power that is put back into the grid, as it is being produced. Double metering involves installing two meters: one measuring electricity consumed, the other measuring electricity created. Additionally, or in place of selling their renewable energy, sustainable home owners may choose to bank their excess energy by using it to charge batteries. This gives them the option to use the power later during less favorable power-generating times (i.e.: night-time, when there has been no wind, etc.), and to be completely independent of the electrical grid.

Sustainably designed (see Sustainable Design) houses are generally sited so as to create as little of a negative impact on the surrounding ecosystem as possible, oriented to the sun so that it creates the best possible microclimate (typically, the long axis of the house or building should be oriented east-west), and provide natural shading or wind barriers where and when needed, among many other considerations. The design of a sustainable shelter affords the options it has later (i.e.: using passive solar lighting and heating, creating temperature buffer zones by adding porches, deep overhangs to help create favorable microclimates, etc.)  Sustainably constructed houses involve environmentally friendly management of waste building materials such as recycling and composting, use non-toxic and renewable, recycled, reclaimed, or low-impact production materials that have been created and treated in a sustainable fashion (such as using organic or water-based finishes), use as much locally available materials and tools as possible so as to reduce the need for transportation, and use low-impact production methods (methods that minimize effects on the environment).

Many materials can be considered a “green” material until its background is revealed. Any material that has used toxic or carcinogenic chemicals in its treatment or manufacturing (such as formaldehyde in glues used in woodworking), has traveled extensively from its source or manufacturer, or has been cultivated or harvested in an unsustainable manner might not be considered green. In order for any material to be considered green, it must be resource efficient, not compromise indoor air quality or water conservation, and be energy efficient (both in processing and when in use in the shelter). Resource efficiency can be achieved by using as much recycled content, reusable or recyclable content, materials that employ recycled or recyclable packaging, locally available material, salvaged or remanufactured material, material that employs resource efficient manufacturing, and long-lasting material as possible.

Sustainable Building Materials

Some building materials might be considered "sustainable" by some definitions and under some conditions. For example, wood might be thought of as sustainable if it is grown using sustainable forest management, processed using sustainable energy. delivered by sustainable transport, etc.: Under different conditions, however, it might not be considered as sustainable. The following materials might be considered as sustainable under certain conditions, based on a Life-cycle assessment.

Adobe, Bamboo, Cellulose insulation, Cob, Composite wood (when made from reclaimed hardwood sawdust and reclaimed or recycled plastic), Compressed earth block, Cordwood, Cork, Hemp, Insulating concrete forms, Lime render, Linoleum, Lumber from Forest Stewardship Council approved sources, Natural Rubber, Natural fiber (coir, wool, jute, etc.), Organic cotton insulation, Papercrete, Rammed Earth, Reclaimed stone, Reclaimed brick, Recycled metal, Recycled concrete, Recycled paper, Soy-based adhesive, Soy insulation, Straw Bale, Structural insulated panel, Wood.

Insulation of a sustainable home is important because of the energy it conserves throughout the life of the home. Well insulated walls and lofts using green materials are a must as it reduces or, in combination with a house that is well designed, eliminates the need for heating and cooling altogether. Installation of insulation varies according to the type of insulation being used. Typically, lofts are insulated by strips of insulating material laid between rafters. Walls with cavities are done in much the same manner. For walls that do not have cavities behind them, solid-wall insulation may be necessary which can decrease internal space and can be expensive to install.  Energy-efficient windows are another important factor in insulation. Simply assuring that windows (and doors) are well sealed greatly reduces energy loss in a home.  Double or Triple glazed windows are the typical method to insulating windows, trapping gas or creating a vacuum between two or three panes of glass allowing heat to be trapped inside or out.  Low-emissivity or Low-E glass is another option for window insulation. It is a coating on windowpanes of a thin, transparent layer of metal oxide and works by reflecting heat back to its source, keeping the interior warm during the winter and cool during the summer. Simply hanging heavy-backed curtains in front of windows may also help their insulation. “Superwindows,” mentioned in Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution, became available in the 1980s and use a combination of many available technologies, including two to three transparent low-e coatings, multiple panes of glass, and a heavy gas filling. Although more expensive, they are said to be able to insulate four and a half times better than a typical double-glazed windows.

Equipping roofs with highly reflective material (such as aluminum) increases a roof's albedo and will help reduce the amount of heat it absorbs, hence, the amount of energy needed to cool the building it is on. Green roofs or “living roofs” are a popular choice for thermally insulating a building. They are also popular for their ability to catch storm-water runoff and, when in the broader picture of a community, reduce the heat island effect (see urban heat island) thereby reducing energy costs of the entire area. It is arguable that they are able to replace the physical “footprint” that the building creates, helping reduce the adverse environmental impacts of the building‘s presence.

Energy efficiency and water conservation are also major considerations in sustainable housing. If using appliances, computers, HVAC systems, electronics, or lighting the sustainable-minded often look for an Energy Star label, which is government-backed and holds stricter regulations in energy and water efficiency than is required by law.  Ideally, a sustainable shelter should be able to completely run the appliances it uses using renewable energy and should strive to have a neutral impact on the Earth’s water sources.

Greywater, including water from washing machines, sinks, showers, and baths may be reused in landscape irrigation and toilets as a method of water conservation. Likewise, rainwater harvesting from storm-water runoff is also a sustainable method to conserve water use in a sustainable shelter.  Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems replicate the natural systems that clean water in wildlife and implement them in a city’s drainage system so as to minimize contaminated water and unnatural rates of runoff into the environment.

Sustainable urban design and innovation: Photovoltaic ombrière SUDI is an autonomous and mobile station that replenishes energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.

As mentioned under Shelter, some sustainable households may choose to produce their own renewable energy, while others may choose to purchase it through the grid from a power company that harnesses sustainable sources (also mentioned previously are the methods of metering the production and consumption of electricity in a household). Purchasing sustainable energy, however, may simply not be possible in some locations due to its limited availability. 6 out of the 50 states in the US do not offer green energy, for example. For those that do, its consumers typically buy a fixed amount or a percentage of their monthly consumption from a company of their choice and the bought green energy is fed into the entire national grid. Technically, in this case, the green energy is not being fed directly to the household that buys it.  In this case, it is possible that the amount of green electricity that the buying household receives is a small fraction of their total incoming electricity. This may or may not depend on the amount being purchased. The purpose of buying green electricity is to support their utility’s effort in producing sustainable energy.  Producing sustainable energy on an individual household or community basis is much more flexible, but can still be limited in the richness of the sources that the location may afford (some locations may not be rich in renewable energy sources while others may have an abundance of it).

When generating renewable energy and feeding it back into the grid (in participating countries such as the US and Germany), producing households are typically paid at least the full standard electricity rate by their utility and are also given separate renewable energy credits that they can then sell to their utility, additionally (utilities are interested in buying these renewable energy credits because it allows them to claim that they produce renewable energy). In some special cases, producing households may be paid up to four times the standard electricity rate, but this is not common.

An installation of solar panels in rural Mongolia

Solar power harnesses the energy of the sun to make electricity. Two typical methods for converting solar energy into electricity are photo-voltaic cells that are organized into panels and concentrated solar power, which uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight to either heat a fluid that runs an electrical generator via a steam turbine or heat engine, or to simply cast onto photo-voltaic cells.  The energy created by photo-voltaic cells is a direct current and has to be converted to alternating current before it can be used in a household. At this point, users can choose to either store this direct current in batteries for later use, or use an AC/DC inverter for immediate use. To get the best out of a solar panel, the angle of incidence of the sun should be between 20 and 50 degrees. Solar power via photo-voltaic cells are usually the most expensive method to harnessing renewable energy, but is falling in price as technology advances and public interest increases. It has the advantages of being portable, easy to use on an individual basis, readily available for government grants and incentives, and being flexible regarding location (though it is most efficient when used in hot, arid areas since they tend to be the most sunny).  For those that are lucky, affordable rental schemes may be found.  Concentrated solar power plants are typically used on more of a community scale rather than an individual household scale, because of the amount of energy they are able to harness but can be done on an individual scale with a parabolic reflector.

Solar thermal energy is harnessed by collecting direct heat from the sun. One of the most common ways that this method is used by households is through solar water heating. In a broad perspective, these systems involve well insulated tanks for storage and collectors, are either passive or active systems (active systems have pumps that continuously circulate water through the collectors and storage tank) and, in active systems, involve either directly heating the water that will be used or heating a non-freezing heat-transfer fluid that then heats the water that will be used. Passive systems are cheaper than active systems since they do not require a pumping system (instead, they take advantage of the natural movement of hot water rising above cold water to cycle the water being used through the collector and storage tank).

Other methods of harnessing solar power are solar space heating (for heating internal building spaces), solar drying (for drying wood chips, fruits, grains, etc.), solar cookers, solar distillers, and other passive solar technologies (simply, harnessing sunlight without any mechanical means).

Wind power is harnessed through turbines, set on tall towers (typically 20’ or 6m with 10‘ or 3m diameter blades for an individual household‘s needs) that power a generator that creates electricity.  They typically require an average of wind speed of 9 mi/hr (14 km/hr) to be worth their investment (as prescribed by the US Department of Energy), and are capable of paying for themselves within their lifetimes. Wind turbines in urban areas usually need to be mounted at least 30’ (10m) in the air to receive enough wind and to be void of nearby obstructions (such as neighboring buildings). Mounting a wind turbine may also require permission from authorities. Wind turbines have been criticized for the noise they produce, their appearance, and the argument that they can affect the migratory patterns of birds (their blades obstruct passage in the sky). Wind turbines are much more feasible for those living in rural areas and are one of the most cost-effective forms of renewable energy per kilowatt, approaching the cost of fossil fuels, and have quick paybacks.

For those that have a body of water flowing at an adequate speed (or falling from an adequate height) on their property, hydroelectricity may be an option. On a large scale, hydroelectricity, in the form of dams, has adverse environmental and social impacts. When on a small scale, however, in the form of single turbines, hydroelectricity is very sustainable. Single water turbines or even a group of single turbines are not environmentally or socially disruptive. On an individual household basis, single turbines are the probably the only economically feasible route (but can have high paybacks and is one of the most efficient methods of renewable energy production). It is more common for an eco-village to use this method rather than a singular household.

Geothermal energy production involves harnessing the hot water or steam below the earth’s surface, in reservoirs, to produce energy. Because the hot water or steam that is used is reinjected back into the reservoir, this source is considered sustainable. However, those that plan on getting their electricity from this source should be aware that there is controversy over the lifespan of each geothermal reservoir as some believe that their lifespans are naturally limited (they cool down over time, making geothermal energy production there eventually impossible). This method is often large scale as the system required to harness geothermal energy can be complex and requires deep drilling equipment. There do exist small individual scale geothermal operations, however, which harness reservoirs very close to the Earth’s surface, avoiding the need for extensive drilling and sometimes even taking advantage of lakes or ponds where there is already a depression. In this case, the heat is captured and sent to a geothermal heat pump system located inside the shelter or facility that needs it (often, this heat is used directly to warm a greenhouse during the colder months).  Although geothermal energy is available everywhere on Earth, practicality and cost-effectiveness varies, directly related to the depth required to reach reservoirs. Places such as the Philippines, Hawaii, Alaska, Iceland, California, and Nevada have geothermal reservoirs closer to the Earth’s surface, making its production cost-effective.

Biomass power is created when any biological matter is burned as fuel. As with the case of using green materials in a household, it is best to use as much locally available material as possible so as to reduce the carbon footprint created by transportation. Although burning biomass for fuel releases carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere, a major concern in a sustainable lifestyle, the amount that is released is sustainable (it will not contribute to a rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere). This is because the biological matter that is being burned releases the same amount of carbon dioxide that it consumed during its lifetime. However, burning biodiesel and bioethanol (see biofuel) when created from virgin material, is increasingly controversial and may or may not be considered sustainable because it inadvertently increases global poverty, the clearing of more land for new agriculture fields (the source of the biofuel is also the same source of food), and may use unsustainable growing methods (such as the use of environmentally harmful pesticides and fertilizers).

List of organic matter than can be burned for fuel

Bagasse, Biogas, Manure, Stover, Straw, Used vegetable oil, Wood.

Digestion of organic material to produce methane is becoming an increasingly popular method of biomass energy production. Materials such as waste sludge can be digested to release methane gas that can then be burnt to produce electricity. Methane gas is also a natural by-product of landfills, full of decomposing waste, and can be harnessed here to produce electricity as well. The advantage in burning methane gas is that is prevents the methane from being released into the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect. Although this method of biomass energy production is typically large scale (done in landfills), it can be done on a smaller individual or community scale as well.

Globally, food accounts for 48% and 70% of household environmental impacts on land and water resources respectively, with consumption of meat, dairy and processed food rising fast with income.

Environmental impacts of industrial agriculture

Industrial agricultural production is highly resource and energy intensive. Industrial agriculture systems typically require heavy irrigation, extensive pesticide and fertilizer application, intensive tillage, concentrated monoculture production, and other continual inputs. As a result of these industrial farming conditions, today’s mounting environmental stresses are further exacerbated. These stresses include: declining water tables, chemical leaching, chemical runoff, soil erosion, land degradation, loss in biodiversity, and other ecological concerns.

Conventional food distribution and long distance transport

Conventional food distribution and long distance transport are additionally resource and energy exhaustive. Substantial climate-disrupting carbon emissions, boosted by the transport of food over long distances, are of growing concern as the world faces such global crisis as natural resource depletion, peak oil and climate change.  “The average American meal currently costs about 1500 miles, and takes about 10 calories of oil and other fossil fuels to produce a single calorie of food.”

Local and seasonal foods

A more sustainable means of acquiring food is to purchase locally and seasonally. Buying food from local farmers reduces carbon output, caused by long-distance food transport, and stimulates the local economy.  Local, small-scale farming operations also typically utilize more sustainable methods of agriculture than conventional industrial farming systems such as decreased tillage, nutrient cycling, fostered biodiversity and reduced chemical pesticide and fertilizer applications.  Adapting a more regional, seasonally based diet is more sustainable as it entails purchasing less energy and resource demanding produce that naturally grow within a local area and require no long-distance transport. These vegetables and fruits are also grown and harvested within their suitable growing season. Thus, seasonal food farming does not require energy intensive greenhouse production, extensive irrigation, plastic packaging and long-distance transport from importing non-regional foods, and other environmental stressors.  Local, seasonal produce is typically fresher, unprocessed and argued to be more nutritious. Local produce also contains less to no chemical residues from applications required for long-distance shipping and handling.  Farmers' markets, public events where local small-scale farmers gather and sell their produce, are a good source for obtaining local food and knowledge about local farming productions. As well as promoting localization of food, farmers markets are a central gathering place for community interaction.  Another way to become involved in regional food distribution is by joining a local community-supported agriculture (CSA). A CSA consists of a community of growers and consumers who pledge to support a farming operation while equally sharing the risks and benefits of food production. CSA's usually involve a system of weekly pick-ups of locally farmed vegetables and fruits, sometimes including dairy products, meat and special food items such as baked goods.  Considering the previously noted rising environmental crisis, the United States and much of the world is facing immense vulnerability to famine. Local food production ensures food security if potential transportation disruptions and climatic, economical, and sociopolitical disasters were to occur.

Reducing meat consumption

Industrial meat production also involves high environmental costs such as land degradation, soil erosion and depletion of natural resources, especially pertaining to water and food.  Mass meat production increase the amount of methane in the atmosphere. For more information on the environmental impact of meat production and consumption, see the ethics of eating meat. Reducing meat consumption, perhaps to a few meals a week, or adopting a vegetarian or vegan diet, alleviates the demand for environmentally damaging industrial meat production. Buying and consuming organically raised, free range or grass fed meat is another alternative towards more sustainable meat consumption.

Organic farming

Purchasing and supporting organic products is another fundamental contribution to sustainable living. Organic farming is a rapidly emerging trend in the food industry and in the web of sustainability. According to the USDA National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), organic agriculture is defined as "an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain, or enhance ecological harmony. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people." Upon sustaining these goals, organic agriculture uses techniques such as crop rotation, permaculture, compost, green manure and biological pest control. In addition, organic farming prohibits or strictly limits the use of manufactured fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives and genetically modified organisms.  Organically farmed products include vegetables, fruit, grains, herbs, meat, dairy, eggs, fibers, and flowers. See organic certification for more information.

Urban gardening

"Edible landscaping": a vegetable garden incorporated by the local residents into a roadside park. Qixia District, Nanjing, China

In addition to local, small-scale farms, there has been a recent emergence in urban agriculture expanding from community gardens to private home gardens. With this trend, both farmers and ordinary people are becoming involved in food production. A network of urban farming systems helps to further ensure regional food security and encourages self-sufficiency and cooperative interdependence within communities.  With every bite of food raised from urban gardens, negative environmental impacts are reduced in numerous ways. For instance, vegetables and fruits raised within small-scale gardens and farms are not grown with tremendous applications of nitrogen fertilizer required for industrial agricultural operations. The nitrogen fertilizers cause toxic chemical leaching and runoff that enters our water tables. Nitrogen fertilizer also produces nitrous oxide, a more damaging greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Local, community-grown food also requires no imported, long-distance transport which further depletes our fossil fuel reserves.  In developing more efficiency per land acre, urban gardens can be started in a wide variety of areas: in vacant lots, public parks, private yards, church and school yards, on roof tops (roof-top gardens), and many other places. Communities can work together in changing zoning limitations in order for public and private gardens to be permissible.  Aesthetically pleasing edible landscaping plants can also be incorporated into city landscaping such as blueberry bushes, grapevines trained on an arbor, pecan trees, etc.  With as small a scale as home or community farming, sustainable and organic farming methods can easily be utilized. Such sustainable, organic farming techniques include: composting, biological pest control, crop rotation, mulching, drip irrigation, nutrient cycling and permaculture.  For more information on sustainable farming systems, see sustainable agriculture.

Food preservation and storage

Preserving and storing foods reduces reliance on long-distance transported food and the market industry. Home-grown foods can be preserved and stored outside of their growing season and continually consumed throughout the year, enhancing self-sufficiency and independence from the supermarket. Food can be preserved and saved by dehydration, freezing, vacuum packing, canning, bottling, pickling and jellying.  For more information, see food preservation.

Transportation

Sustainable transport

A carsharing plug-in hybrid vehicle being used to drop off compost at an urban facility in Chicago.

With rising peak oil concerns, climate warming exacerbated by carbon emissions and high energy prices, the conventional automobile industry is becoming less and less feasible to the conversation of sustainability. Revisions of urban transport systems that foster mobility, low-cost transportation and healthier urban environments are needed. Such urban transport systems should consist of a combination of rail transport, bus transport, bicycle pathways and pedestrian walkways. Public transport systems such as underground rail systems and bus transit systems shift huge numbers of people away from reliance on car mobilization and dramatically reduce the rate of carbon emissions caused by automobile transport.  Carpooling is another alternative for reducing oil consumption and carbon emissions by transit.

In comparison to automobiles, bicycles are a paragon of energy efficient personal transportation with the bicycle roughly 50 times more energy efficient than driving.  Bicycles increase mobility while alleviating congestion, lowering air and noise pollution, and increasing physical exercise. Most importantly, they do not emit climate-disturbing carbon dioxide.  Bike-sharing programs are beginning to boom throughout the world and are modeled in leading cities such as Paris, Amsterdam and London.  Bike-sharing programs offer kiosks and docking stations that supply hundreds to thousands of bikes for rental throughout a city through small deposits or affordable memberships.

A recent boom has occurred in electric bikes especially in China and other Asian countries. Electric bikes are similar to plug-in hybrid vehicles in that they are battery powered and can be plugged into the provincial electric grid for recharging as needed. In contrast to plug-in hybrid cars, electric bikes do not directly use any fossil fuels. Adequate sustainable urban transportation is dependent upon proper city infrastructure and planning that incorporates efficient public transit along with bicycle and pedestrian-friendly pathways.  Patrick Maria Johnson was the founder of this.

Water

Water efficiency

A major factor of sustainable living involves that which no human can live without, water. Unsustainable water use has far reaching implications for humankind. Currently, humans use one-fourth of the earth’s total fresh water in natural circulation, and over half the accessible runoff.  Additionally, population growth and water demand is ever increasing. Thus, it is necessary to use available water more efficiently. In sustainable living, one can use water more sustainably through a series of simple, everyday measures. These measures involve considering indoor home appliance efficiency, outdoor water use, and daily water use awareness.

Indoor home appliances

Housing and commercial buildings account for 12 percent of America’s freshwater withdrawals.  A typical American single family home uses about 70 US gallons (260 L) per person per day indoors.  This use can be reduced by simple alterations in behavior and upgrades to appliance quality.

Toilets

Toilets accounted for almost 30% of residential indoor water use in the United States in 1999.  One flush of a standard U.S. toilet requires more water than most individuals, and many families, in the world use for all their needs in an entire day.  A home’s toilet water sustainability can be improved in one of two ways: improving the current toilet or installing a more efficient toilet.  To improve the current toilet, one possible method is to put weighted plastic bottles in the toilet tank. Also, there are inexpensive tank banks or float booster available for purchase. A tank bank is a plastic bag to be filled with water and hung in the toilet tank. A float booster attaches underneath the float ball of pre-1986 three and a half gallon capacity toilets. It allows these toilets to operate at the same valve and float setting but significantly reduces their water level, saving between one and one and a third gallons of water per flush. A major waste of water in existing toilets is leaks. A slow toilet leak is undetectable to the eye, but can waste hundreds of gallons each month. One way to check this is to put food dye in the tank, and to see if the water in the toilet bowl turns the same color. In the event of a leaky flapper, one can replace it with an adjustable toilet flapper, which allows self-adjustment of the amount of water per flush.

If installing a new toilet there are a number of options to obtain the most water efficient model. A low flush toilet uses one to two gallons per flush. Traditionally, toilets use three to five gallons per flush. If an eighteen-liter per flush toilet is removed and a six-liter per flush toilet is put in its place, 70% of the water flushed will be saved while the overall indoor water use by will be reduced by 30%.  It is possible to have a toilet that uses no water. A composting toilet treats human waste through composting and dehydration, producing a valuable soil additive.  These toilets feature a two-compartment bowl to separate urine from feces. The urine can be collected or sold as fertilizer. The feces can be dried and bagged or composted. These toilets cost scarcely more than regularly installed toilets and do not require a sewer hookup. In addition to providing valuable fertilizer, these toilets are highly sustainable because they save sewage collection and treatment, as well as lessen agricultural costs and improve topsoil.

Additionally, one can reduce toilet water sustainability by limiting total toilet flushing. For instance, instead of flushing small wastes, such as tissues, one can dispose of these items in the trash or compost.

Showers

On average, showers were 18% of U.S. indoor water use in 1999, at 6–8 US gallons (23–30 L) per minute traditionally in America. A simple method to reduce this use is to switch to low-flow, high-performance showerheads. These showerheads use only 1.0-1.5 gpm or less. An alternative to replacing the showerhead is to install a converter. This device arrests a running shower upon reaching the desired temperature. Solar water heaters can be used to obtain optimal water temperature, and are more sustainable because they reduce dependence on fossil fuels. To lessen excess water use, water pipes can be insulated with pre-slit foam pipe insulation. This insulation decreases hot water generation time. A simple, straightforward method to conserve water when showering is to take shorter showers. One method to accomplish this is to turn off the water when it is not necessary (such as while lathering) and resuming the shower when water is necessary. This can be facilitated when the plumbing or showerhead allow turning off the water without disrupting the desired temperature setting (common in the UK but not the United States).

Dishwashers and sinks

On average, sinks were 15% of U.S. indoor water use in 1999.  There are, however, easy methods to rectify excessive water loss. Available for purchase is a screw-on aerator. This device works by combining water with air thus generating a frothy substance with greater perceived volume, reducing water use by half. Additionally, there is a flip-valve available that allows flow to be turned off and back on at the previously reached temperature. Finally, a laminar flow device creates a 1.5-2.4 gpm stream of water that reduces water use by half, but can be turned to normal water level when optimal.

In addition to buying the above devices, one can live more sustainably by checking sinks for leaks, and fixing these links if they exist. According to the EPA, "A small drip from a worn faucet washer can waste 20 gallons of water per day, while larger leaks can waste hundreds of gallons".  When washing dishes by hand, it is not necessary to leave the water running for rinsing, and it is more efficient to rinse dishes simultaneously.

On average, dishwashing consumes 1% of indoor water use.  When using a dishwasher, water can be conserved by only running the machine when it is full. Some have a "low flow" setting to use less water per wash cycle. Enzymatic detergents clean dishes more efficiently and more successfully with a smaller amount of water at a lower temperature.

Washing machines

On average, 23% of U.S. indoor water use in 1999 was due to clothes washing.  In contrast to other machines, American washing machines have changed little to become more sustainable. A typical washing machine has a vertical-axis design, in which clothes are agitated in a tubful of water. Horizontal-axis machines, in contrast, put less water into the bottom of the rub and rotate clothes through it. These machines are more efficient in terms of soap use and clothing stability.

Outdoor water use

There are a number of ways one can incorporate a personal yard, roof, and garden in more sustainable living. While conserving water is a major element of sustainability, so is sequestering water.

Conserving water

In planning a yard and garden space, it is most sustainable to consider the plants, soil, and available water. Drought resistant shrubs, plants, and grasses require a smaller amount of water in comparison to more traditional species. Additionally, native plants (as opposed to herbaceous perennials) will use a smaller supply of water and have a heightened resistance to plant diseases of the area. Xeriscaping is a technique that selects drought-tolerant plants and accounts for endemic features such as slope, soil type, and native plant range. It can reduce landscape water use by 50 – 70%, while providing habitat space for wildlife. Plants on slopes help reduce runoff by slowing and absorbing accumulated rainfall. Grouping plants by watering needs further reduces water waste.

After planting, placing a circumference of mulch surrounding plants functions to lessen evaporation. To do this, firmly press two to four inches of organic matter along the plant's dripline. This prevents water runoff. When watering, consider the range of sprinklers; watering paved areas is unnecessary. Additionally, to conserve the maximum amount of water, watering should be carried out during early mornings on non-windy days to reduce water loss to evaporation. Drip-irrigation systems and soaker hoses are a more sustainable alternative to the traditional sprinkler system. Drip-irrigation systems employ small gaps at standard distances in a hose, leading to the slow trickle of water droplets which percolate the soil over a protracted period. These systems use 30 – 50% less water than conventional methods.  Soaker hoses help to reduce water use by up to 90%.  They connect to a garden hose and lay along the row of plants under a layer of mulch. A layer of organic material added to the soil helps to increase its absorption and water retention; previously planted areas can be covered with compost.

In caring for a lawn, there are a number of measures that can increase the sustainability of lawn maintenance techniques. A primary aspect of lawn care is watering. To conserve water, it is important to only water when necessary, and to deep soak when watering. Additionally, a lawn may be left to go dormant, renewing after a dry spell to its original vitality.

Sequestering water

A common method of water sequestrations is rainwater harvesting, which incorporates the collection and storage of rain. Primarily, the rain is obtained from a roof, and stored on the ground in catchment tanks. Water sequestration varies based on extent, cost, and complexity. A simple method involves a single barrel at the bottom of a downspout, while a more complex method involves multiple tanks. It is highly sustainable to use stored water in place of purified water for activities such as irrigation and flushing toilets. Additionally, using stored rainwater reduces the amount of runoff pollution, picked up from roofs and pavements that would normally enter streams through storm drains. The following equation can be used to estimate annual water supply:

Collection area (square feet) × Rainfall (inch/year) / 12 (inch/foot) = Cubic Feet of Water/Year

Cubic Feet/Year × 7.43 (Gallons/Cubic Foot) = Gallons/year

N.B: however, this calculation does not account for losses such as evaporation or leakage.

Greywater systems function in sequestering used indoor water, such as laundry, bath and sink water, and filtering it for reuse. Greywater can be reused in irrigation and toilet flushing. There are two types of greywater systems: gravity fed manual systems and package systems.  The manual systems do not require electricity but may require a larger yard space.  The package systems require electricity but are self-contained and can be installed indoors.

Waste

As populations and resource demands climb, waste production contributes to emissions of carbon dioxide, leaching of hazardous materials into the soil and waterways, and methane emissions. In America alone, over the course of a decade, 500 trillion pounds of American resources will have been transformed into nonproductive wastes and gases.  Thus, a crucial component of sustainable living is being waste conscious. One can do this by reducing waste, reusing commodities, and recycling.

There are a number of ways to reduce waste in sustainable living. Two methods to reduce paper waste are canceling junk mail like credit card and insurance offers and direct mail marketing and changing monthly paper statements to paperless emails. Junk mail alone accounted for 1.72 million tons of landfill waste in 2009.  Another method to reduce waste is to buy in bulk, reducing packaging materials. Preventing food waste can limit the amount of organic waste sent to landfills producing the powerful greenhouse gas methane.  Another example of waste reduction involves being cognizant of purchasing excessive amounts when buying materials with limited use like cans of paint. Non-hazardous or less hazardous alternatives can also limit the toxicity of waste.

By reusing materials, one lives more sustainably by not contributing to the addition of waste to landfills. Reusing saves natural resources by decreasing the necessity of raw material extraction. For example, reusable bags can reduce the amount of waste created by grocery shopping eliminating the need to create and ship plastic bags and the need to manage their disposal and recycling or polluting effects.

Recycling, a process that breaks down used items into raw materials to make new materials, is a particularly useful means of contributing to the renewal of goods. Recycling incorporates three primary processes; collection and processing, manufacturing, and purchasing recycled products.  A natural example of recycling involves using food waste as compost to enrich the quality of soil, which can be carried out at home or locally with community composting. An offshoot of recycling, upcycling, strives to convert material into something of similar or greater value in its second life.  By integrating measures of reusing, reducing, and recycling one can effectively reduce personal waste and use materials in a more sustainable manner.

Hi,

I'm Craig and I'm from the United Kingdom. I'm into fitness and nutrition, in my free time I like exploring and seeing new places, going on adventures. I go to the gym 5-6 days a week and I'm really addicted to my fitness. I enjoy spending time with friends and family and love meeting new people. You can follow me on Instagram: i.am.craig | remember to say hi and I'm free to talk to anyone any time :)

Well, here we are now Asgardians.. Like you I was drawn here by curiosity; i was intrigued by the thought of an entirely new nation, a nation with completely equal citizens. i have hope for something different.

we have thrown ourselves to a nation that as of yet has no land, no no place to call Asgardia(on earth) so in that we who have accepted the declaration are nomads. But that is no reason for despair or to look upon this with distaste, for the human race started life as roamers and nomads, we have merely made the step forward to a new beginning.

We have the rarest of opportunities, we get to start a new page, we have yet to elect a council, yet to finalize our laws, yet to be recognized by earth authorities. They cannot Ignore us, each day we grow in numbers, each day we make our voice grow from what was a whisper, our voice is becoming a roar. A roar for a future.

For a future i will pledge my allegiance, my hopes, my dreams. For a future is all we wish.

For a better tomorrow. For Asgardia.

Ross S

Introduction:

Hi, my name is Brendan Taylor and I’m a firm believer and promoter in the analytical use of open data to help us make informed decisions. I have over 8 years of data, big data, data analysis and reporting experience across multiple industries such as banking, shipping, entertainment, oil and gas, and private lifestyle management.

First, let me break this article down into 3 parts; Data source, data storage and data usage. I will cover each one in a little more detail and hopefully I can convince you that, not only is the collection of OD needed, it’s also vital and can have a HUGE impact on the lives of all Asgardians.

Part 1: Data source

Everywhere we look, everything we do and even the things or actions we don’t do, generate data that can collected and analysed. When used properly, collected in a transparent way and openly accessible, this data is priceless to effective management. So let’s look at the multiple sources of data that exist (currently, or possibly in the future) in the context of Asgardia.

It is also important to remember that this article will be looking at high level data that can be used to create a “big picture” view of Asgardia. None of the data collected will contain identifiable data, especially when this data is intended to be accessible by all Asgardians.

A quick look and a few examples of OD from the Ministries of Asgardia:

1.Justice

Crime data is important and it help identify the type of crime, where and when the crime happened. Having this data can help with the allocation of resources in terms of policing and the ability to respond to incidents.

2. Science

What advances have been made that can integrated into Asgardia. This can be anything for new improvements to existing technology, new medical technology, more efficient ways of producing energy. Engineers will be able to access this data as it comes available.

3. Citizenship

I have seen some great infographics being produced giving us a clear breakdown of how Asgardia is made up. Seeing the societal make up of Asgardia is important, as we are a melting pot of different cultures, each bringing their own customs and languages. This data can help integrate our communities and also identify what is needed or missing, that every Asgardian is made to feel welcome in our accepting society.

4. Finance

“Just follow the money” is an infamous saying in today’s earth society. To help stamp out corruption and keep Asgardia fair, open and transparent, data about each transaction made within the Asgardian Government should be open to the public. Being able to see how much, when, where, by who and why each transaction was made, this adds a level of accountability. This will also help cut down wastage, keep spending in check and allow citizens of Asgardia to see exactly how their taxes are being spent.

5. Trade and Commerce

Being able to see what materials and services are being traded through Asgardia is important. Being able to see what types of materials and services are being either imported or exported, the level or amount of these trades can help identify shortages, and help Asgardia better allocated resources. This OD can also identify trends and highlight opportunities which can help improve the prosperity of Asgardia

6. Education

Education is vitally important to the continuation and the expanding of Asgardia. Without the scientists, engineers, makers and creators, Asgardia is nothing. With an educated society, anything is possible. Being able to see skill sets across the nation of Asgardia, can help allocate skills to specific projects, identify short falls in skills needed, help make allocations to strengthen and widen skill sets. Education is key to the success of our nation!

7.Equity and Resources

Making sure Asgardia is sustainable and able to survive as a nation, OD about the resources available to the nation is important. Not only to identify shortages, but spot trends within the nation and create opportunities to increase trade. Knowing what the nation needs and what the nation has will benefit all.

8. Administrative

The tracking of changes made within Asgardia, with regards to who made, what was changed and why the change was made, will add much accountability and severity to the change. If questioned about any of the changes, those accountable must to able to answer. This increases transparency, decreases hidden agendas and corruption.

Part 2 and 3: Data Storage and Data Usage

Part 2 and part 3 is open to discussion, but a discussion that needs to be held. I call upon those with skills surrounding data to give their input and help plan, design, implement and maintain a safe and secure environment for this data. Through the use of the latest technology, I’m 100% positive we can create a viable solution, adding to the value of Asgardia.

Conclusion:

Data is important. We live in a society where making informed decisions is vital, especially when decisions will impact the lives of ordinary Asgardians. Data is my passion, and I work with data every day of the week, whether in my private life or in my professional life.

If you agree with what I have to say, I ask that you vote me in the elections.

https://asgardia.space/en/blog/candidate/335572-3379-using-data-to-make-informed-decisions/

Click Here for My Candidate Page

We can all agree that this a great chance for a new beginning, a second chance at how life should be on earth, UNITED TOGTHER, through PEACE and combining our GREAT minds in to something useful. FOCUSING on our future and looking for the next best steps through technology and  efficiency.