Professor Stephen William Hawking was born on 8th January 1942 (exactly 300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight his family moved to St. Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At the age of eleven, Stephen went to St. Albans School and then on to University College, Oxford (1952); his father's old college. Stephen wanted to study mathematics although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he pursued physics instead. After three years and not very much work, he was awarded a first class honours degree in natural science.
In October 1962, Stephen arrived at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge to do research in cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Dennis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his PhD (1965) with his thesis titled ' Properties of Expanding Universes ', he became, first, a research fellow (1965) then Fellow for Distinction in Science (1969) at Gonville & Caius college. In 1966 he won the Adams Prize for his essay 'Singularities and the Geometry of Space-time'. Stephen moved to the Institute of Astronomy (1968), later moving back to DAMTP (1973), employed as a research assistant, and published his first academic book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time , with George Ellis. During the next few years, Stephen was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1974) and Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology (1974). He became a Reader in Gravitational Physics at DAMTP (1975), progressing to Professor of Gravitational Physics (1977). He then held the position of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (1979-2009). The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow and then in 1669 by Isaac Newton.  Stephen is currently the Dennis Stanton Avery and Sally Tsui Wong-Avery Director of Research at DAMTP.
Professor Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's general theory of relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes (1970). These results indicated that it was necessary to unify general relativity with quantum theory, the other great scientific development of the first half of the 20th century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but rather should emit 'Hawking' radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear (1974). Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science. Recently Stephen has been working with colleagues on a possible resolution to the black hole information paradox, where debate centres around the conservation of information.
His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey , with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravitation , with W Israel. Among the popular books Stephen Hawking has published are his best seller A Brief History of Time , Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays , The Universe in a Nutshell , The Grand Design and My Brief History .
Professor Stephen Hawking has thirteen honorary degrees. He was awarded CBE (1982), Companion of Honour (1989) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009). He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes, most notably the Fundamental Physics prize (2013), Copley Medal (2006) and the Wolf Foundation prize (1988). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
In 1963 Stephen was diagnosed with ALS, a form of Motor Neurone Disease, shortly after his 21st birthday. In spite of being wheelchair-bound and dependent on a computerised voice system for communication Stephen continues to combine family life (he has three children and three grandchildren) with his research into theoretical physics, in addition to an extensive programme of travel and public lectures. He still hopes to make it into space one day.

This is a screenshot for one of the Asgardian citizens. As it appears, Svetlana from Moscow (Russia), aged 118 years. Whether it is true or not, I congratulate her on the occasion of Women's Day and wish her health and wellness and see her in the future in the space of Asgardia

I-The Mission & Achievement

Now, at this moment of our nation’s history, the mission of parliamentary and governmental elections completed, which presents the first real step in building the nation. We know that the importance of this step is to break the constitutional and political vacuum since the declaration and approval of the constitution requires the rapid formation of parliament and government, which is an important step in the way of obtaining international recognition as well as state administration.

It reminds us of the historical achievement of Neil Armstrong by landing on the moon and his famous saying ( THE EAGLE HAS LANDED. THAT’S ONE SMALL STEP FOR [A] MAN, ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND) .

II- The Teams

In this sense, I would like to extend my sincere congratulations, appreciation and respect to:

1. His Excellency the President of the State (Dr Igor Ashurbeyli), And all Asgardian citizens who have done their national duty to vote and contributed to the success of the mission

2. Head and members of administration (Mikhail Spokoyny, Lena De Winne, and Alesya Fedorova ),

3. Members of the Central Election Commission and the technical team of administrators and supervisors on the page who have made tremendous efforts to connect the candidates to each other and to the citizens at all levels and at all stages

4. The candidates who participated in these parliamentary and governmental elections and made efforts to reflect the principle of honest competition and the consolidation of the principle of free democracy.

III- My Campaign

I have prepared my platform based on my vision of establishing a nation of space based on the highest standards of humanity and morality. I have run this campaign through:

1. Publications that included my platform and various other topics for ideas and proposals to help clarify some aspects of the next stage. These publications have been published through my blog, Discord, and community forums.

2. Direct communications with voters (citizens and my fellow candidates) in all the 13 districts, where I sent them invitations of friendship and direct requests for voting through the notification are of my page or through comment on their publications. Here, i would like to clarify that the process of requesting the vote, either from the citizens or from the candidates, is not considered a begging for votes as some thinks and does not disrespect the electoral process, but it is legal, correct and healthy phenomenon, which is conducted in all open elections in the countries where the candidate presents his program and propagates it to attract voters. On the other hand, i sent several requests in different languages. This does not mean that I speak these languages (except for Arabic, English and some Serbian), but some citizens do not speak English as it appears on their pages. This requires translation into the relevant languages.

3. The next item is related to some of the regulations of the Central Elections Commission. The first is to record a YouTube section of the candidates to identify them and clarify their campaigns, and the second is to set an appointment with the head of the administration, Mr. Spokoyny, to talk about the elections and other topics. I have not been able to comply with both requests due to personal circumstances, but I will bear the consequences of this neglect no matter what.

I pledge to accept the election results no matter what. I would also like to congratulate the winning candidates in advance and wish them success in their future tasks, and a good luck for those who have not succeeded. More importantly, the biggest winner is Asgardia

IV- Final Results Announcement

I propose to the CEC to hold a press conference in the presence of the President of the State and all representatives of the administration to talk about the conduct of elections and statistics related to them and to clarify the process of counting votes until the announcement of the final results.

This concerns many Asgardians, and they question the mechanism of issuing these documents. Well, there are several considerations. According to the Constitution, anyone who belongs to Asgardia and votes to approve the constitution (passes the third level of verification) becomes a full citizen and has the right to obtain a passport and identity card (Level IV and Final). The second is that the acquisition of the Asgardian nationality does not conflict with the original nationality of the citizens.

The other matter is related to Decree No. 13 ((By this Decree, I hereby:

1. Congratulate the fi­rst Golden Hundred Thousand of Asgardians with

passing the third level of veri­fication of personal data and the

acceptance of the main law of Asgardia, the fi­rst space kingdom – its

Constitution.

2. Order the administration of the Head of Nation to prepare all of the

necessary procedures for the fourth level of verifi­cation – receipt of ID

cards, and the ­final stage – the passports of Asgardia, by the time of the

elections for the Parliament of Asgardia.

As we are in the final stage of the parliamentary and governmental elections where it is expected that these procedures are in preparation according to the decrees and here we should mention the advantage of the Golden Hundred Thousand:

Acoording to Lena De Winne, the CEO and Vice-President of NGO Asgardia, and the Deputy Head of Administration of Asgardia, during a September Q&A session online, about who the Golden Hundred Thousand are, and what it means to be included:

“If you have voted for the Constitution before the date of the decree that the voting is over, you are in [the Golden Hundred Thousand],” she said, referring to Decree No 7 issued on 1 September 2017. The actual number of people who have voted for the Constitution before that date is 101,500, she said, but they are all included in what “we symbolically call the Golden Hundred Thousand.” “The Golden Hundred Thousand are those people who said ‘yes’ before the voting was closed. And these people are already now considered citizens,” De Winne noted. “So the Golden Hundred Thousand have a benefit of having this right already.” Embassies and consulates are yet to be set up.”

I would like to congratulate the Golden Hundred Thousand who took the responsibility and approved the Constitution to turn Asgardia from a mere project into a real nation. I propose that a memorial plaque be created for their names and photographs and that they should be considered as early founders, and we should not forget the founding father of the idea of Asgardia in particular. It is a custom of the people to offer the duty of respect and gratitude to the founders and pioneers of the nation.

( by the way I am not among them)….

For members of parliament or government who will be elected and not among the Golden Hundred Thousand, will they automatically receive identity cards to carry out their governmental and parliamentary jobs and duties? Or will they be excluded from this advantage as well?

(( We, the people of Asgardia, will do everything for the prosperity

of our new space nation created by us;

for the safeguarding of our motherland - planet Earth;

and the development of the entire humankind in space.

We are not the best, we are the future.

One humanity - one unity )).

(( We, the people of planet Earth, irrespective of our place of birth, residence, language, gender, race, nationality, religion or citizenship of the existing Earth states, use our free choice, will and conviction, in the desire to:

“unite the future humanity as transethnic, transnational, transreligious, ethical, fair, peaceful, looking into the infinite Universe, based on equality and dignity of every human being;”

“resolve differences, conflicts, inequality and imperfections in human history, bring spiritual and scientific practices and human creative achievements to a new level in all their civilizational and cultural multitude, and launch a new era in the history of space humanity; ))

((( نحن، شعب أسجاردیا، سوف نبذل كل ما بوسعنا من أجل رخاء الدولة الفضائیة الجدیدة التي أنشأناها؛ وحمایة وطننا – كوكب

الأرض، وتقدم الإنسانیة جمعاء في الكون،

نحن لسنا الأفضل – لكننا المستقبل

إنسانیة واحدة - مجتمع واحد))) .

((( نحن سكان كوكب الأرض، بغض النظر عن مكان الولادة، والإقامة واللغة والجنس،

والعرق والجنسیة والدین، وجنسیات الدول الموجودة على الكرة الأرضیة، بناء على اختیارنا ومعتقداتنا وإرادتنا الشخصیة نسعى

إلى :

توحید مستقبل البشریة باعتبارها فوق الأعراق والوطنیة، والطائفیة والأخلاقیة، عادلة، سلمیة، في سعي لا نهائي نحو

الفضاء الكوني، قائم في وحدته على مبدأ المساواة في الكرامة بین الجمیع،

تخطي الخلافات والنزاعات، وعدم المساواة، وعیوب التاریخ السابق للبشریة والرقي إلى مستوى جدید وأفضل من الممارسات الروحیة والعلمیة والإبداعیة لإنجازات البشریة في تنوعها الحضاري والثقافي والانفتاح على عهد جدید لتاریخ البشریة الفضائیة)))

Currently, Asgardia is a nation that seeks to gain international recognition and yet does not have a geographical area or borders as it is known politically. However, the purpose of its establishment is the space presence and until this is done, Asgardia and its citizens will have to settle among the countries of the world. There is a proposal that a site be found in one of the oceans to establish a temporary platform that will bring together Asgardians .

Current statistics indicate that the number of citizens approved is 177,700 in the 174th place worldwide. These citizens are scattered all over the world on all continents, and currently running parliamentary and government elections online via internet in a unique phenomenon where the electoral process conducted in all its specifications in a smooth and orderly manner. The elected government and parliament will face many challenges and difficult tasks of creating a realistic political ground for state administration.

Main Headqarters are:

1. The Headquarter of the Presidential Council and Administration

2. The Headquarters of the Government and ministries, including

i. The Prosecutor’s Office

ii. The National Audit Office

3. The seat of Parliament,

4. Headquarter of the Supreme Space Council,

5. Headquarter of the Supreme Court of Space,

These main offices are located in one complex.

Locations: The current location of the political representation of Asgardia (President, Administration, and elected Government and Parliament) is in Vienna (Austria), but i propose to move this headquarters to Brussels (Belgium) where the EU is located, to facilitate communication with EU countries and other non-member ones.

Provinces and their Organizational Structure: provinces are:

Province of Europe

Province of Asia and Australia (including New Zealand)

Province of Africa

Province of America

The provincial council consists of:

I. Executive Cabinet:

1. Chairman (Governor)

2. Two Deputies

3. Three Secretaries ( Females )

4. Five Administrative Officers (Internal Affairs- Counsel- Financial Controller- Director of Citizenship Affairs- Military А ttache)

5. Members: The members represented in each province shall be selected according to the demographic and linguistic composition of no more than Ten members, taking into account the use of English as a general language to compensate for the inability to use certain languages

II. Office of Information and Documentation

III. Asgardian Embassy and Consulates: one embassy and a number of consulates according to population density and linguistic compatibility.

Selection of R epresentatives of the P rovincial C ouncil :

The chairman, deputies and members, are selected from parliamentary candidates who didn’t pass the elections, according to the number of votes they gained respectively; while secretaries, administrative officers, and employees of both council and embassies are those who didn’t pass the governmental elections according to the number of votes they gained respectively

Ambassadors and consuls are assigned by the parliament.

The provincial council selects other staff according to vacancies, qualifications and practical experience

The political structure of Asgardia will be similar to any of the existing governments, but the main advantage is the situation of space nation where there will be political bodies and rules subject to the laws of space that will be modified and developed later. However, the general framework of the form and concept of the political composition of the state is no different from any other country in terms of the existence of government and parliament and rest of the state. In this presentation, I will make a contribution or a personal point of view:

FIRST: TYPE OF GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM

There are several forms of governmental systems:

Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives.

Confederacy (Confederation): a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government.

Constitutional : a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions and limits of that government.

Constitutional democracy : a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.

Constitutional monarchy: a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom.

Democracy : a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.

Democratic republic : a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.

Federal (Federation) : a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.

Federal republic: a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.

Parliamentary democracy : a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.

Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government): a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no-confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function.

Presidential : a system of government where the executive branch exists separately from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable).

Republic : a representative democracy in which the people elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.

There are other forms do not fit the situation of Asgardia. Focus should be on main points:

Selecting the form of government (president, parliament), and how citizens will be treated at present time in terms of the wide geographical spread of citizens around the world.

SECOND: DISTRICTS FORMATION

Currently, Asgardian citizens spread across all continents and until location is established, provinces formed under central authority. It is more appropriate to divide by continental presence rather than by density or language (as done for purpose of parliamentary elections):

Province of Europe

Province of Asia and Australia (including New Zealand)

Province of Africa

Province of America

An executive council for each district acts as Governor, consisting of a president and members elected later. The council will also contain the Embassies, (an embassy for each province) assisted by a number of Consulates according to density of population.

THIRD: THE PYRAMID OF POWER

The pyramid of political power in Asgardia:

I. Pyramid Head (Presidential Council)

a. Head of the nation

b. Vice President

c. Head of Administration of State

II. Pyramid Main Body:

(Supreme Space or Advisory Council)

The Council of Ten:

1. President

2. Vice President

3. Chairman of Supreme Space Court

4. Prime Minister

5. Deputy Prime Minister

6. Head of Parliament

7. Director of Central Bank

8. Chairman of the Supreme Council of Defense

9. President's Consultant for Foreign Affairs and International Communication

10. President's Consultant for State and Citizenship Affairs

III. Pyramid's Base: Legislative and executive authorities:

1. The Asgardian Government

2. The Asgardian Parliament

3. Prosecutor’s Office

4. National Audit Office

Escape velocity is the speed that an object needs to be traveling to break free of a planet or moon's gravitational force and leave it without further propulsion to enter orbit. So if we throw an object straight up, it will rise until the negative acceleration of gravity stops it, then returns it to Earth. Gravity's force diminishes as distance from the center of the Earth increases, however if we can throw the object with enough initial upward velocity so that gravity's decreasing force can never quite slow it to a complete stop, its decreasing velocity can always be just high enough to overcome gravity's pull. The initial velocity needed to achieve that condition is the escape velocity.

From the surface of the Earth, escape velocity (ignoring air friction) is about 7 miles per second, or 25,000 miles per hour. Given that initial speed, an object needs no additional force applied to completely escapes Earth's gravity; for example, a spacecraft leaving the surface of Earth needs to be going 7 miles per second, or nearly 25,000 miles per hour to leave without falling back to the surface or falling into orbit.

The object must have greater energy than its gravitational binding energy to escape the earth's gravitational field. So:
1/2 mv ² = GMm/R
Where m is the mass of the object, M mass of the earth, G is the gravitational constant, R is the radius of the earth, and v is the escape velocity. It simplifies to:
v = sqrt(2GM/R)
or
v = sqrt(2gR)
Where g is acceleration of gravity on the earth's surface.
The value evaluates to be approximately:
11100 m/s
40200 km/h
25000 mi/h

So, an object which has this velocity at the surface of the earth, will totally escape the earth's gravitational field (ignoring the losses due to the atmosphere) .

Since escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet or moon that a spacecraft is blasting off of, a spacecraft leaving the moon's surface could go slower than one blasting off of the Earth, because the moon has less gravity than the Earth. On the other hand, the escape velocity for Jupiter would be many times that of Earth's because Jupiter is so huge and has so much gravity. One reason that manned missions to other planets are difficult to plan is that a ship would have to take enough fuel into space to blast off of the other planet when the astronauts wanted to go home. The weight of the fuel would make the spaceship so heavy it would be hard to blast it off of Earth!

An Endless Cycle

Achieving escape velocity is one of the biggest challenges facing space travel. The vehicle requires an enormous amount of fuel to break through Earth’s gravitational pull. All that fuel adds significant weight to the spacecraft, and when an object is heavier, it takes more thrust to lift. To create more thrust, we need more fuel. It’s a cycle that scientists are hoping to resolve by creating lighter vehicles, more efficient fuel and new methods of propulsion that don’t require the same ingredients to attain great speeds.

That cycle of speed, fuel and weight was a primary reason the Saturn V rocket that took the first astronauts to the Moon was so large. It required such enormous quantities of fuel to break fre e of the Earth’s gravitational pull that a vehicle of this size was the only workable solution. The Space Shuttle in use now is much smaller, but doesn’t have nearly as far to travel or nearly as much gravitational force to overcome. Future space propulsion projects, such as magnetic levitation, could reduce size requirements because speed and propulsion will be created in a manner that doesn’t require large fuel tanks.

In astronomy, the term orbit refers to the path of an object whose motion through space is controlled by the gravitational pull of another object. The Moon orbits the Earth, in turn, orbits the Sun. Spacecraft can also orbit the Earth. If an object gains enough speed to attain escape velocity, its orbit becomes an open curve called a Parabola. If it continues moving faster than escape velocity, its orbit is a flattened curve called a Hyperbola. A spacecraft that leaves its orbit around the Earth on journey toward another planet travels in a hyperbolic orbit.

https://informal.jpl.nasa.gov/museum/content/escape-velocity-2018

https://escapevelocity.events/

There is no doubt that from ancient eras until modern times, human civilizations have spread throughout the ages to establish independent and sovereign states and entities. It is noted that all civilizations depended on several factors that coincided and coexisted in order to continue these civilizations and resist falling and annihilation. What concerns us in this aspect is the material factor, which has become the main indicator of the growth and progress of the nations, i.e, Money System. Whether we like it or not, money remains the primary driver of the economy and hence the development and prosperity. Continuing on what i published in the previous episode, Asgardia, like all other nations, needs a strong and stable financial resource to ensure a diversified economy that gives the government an effective income enabling it to fulfill its obligations to its citizens and to achieve the primary objective of establishing space presence.

Here comes the need for a reliable, well-defined, multi-source governmental banking system to ensure the continued functioning of the government, the parliament and all state facilities. It is necessary to proceed in this direction in a scientific and deliberate manner to ensure that the public funds are not manipulated and destroyed by establishing strict laws that determine the work of banks, investments, grants and loans, and the selection of reliable persons and expertise to manage the banking institution and its branches. I would like to emphasize the first step in this direction, namely the establishment of the Central Bank and its branches, and on the other hand, the launch of the official currency of Asgardia and its deliberation to be one of the governmental advantages and privileges. As for the form of the currency to be dealt with, the choice of currency type remains a government and public merit to be dealt with by voting, but this should be done after extensive in-depth studies based on the scientific and practical outlook that brings the greatest benefit to the nation.

Generally speaking, the rise of Asgardia follows two main steps, the first is the Earthly phase where the it gains recognition by UN and hence by all world nations; the second is the phase of transferring into space and become the first ever space nation in the history of mankind. Both steps should go side by side but priority is to the 1 ^st since the establishment of orbital space habitat platforms will take a considerable period of time governed by many factors that yet not available. So, at the present we should behave like other countries, politically, economically, socially, etc...,

Accordingly, the Central Bank will also be founded in two phases the first earthly phase, the current stage at which the bank can operate in two ways, as a main governmental bank according to the customary banking laws, and on the other hand as a trading company in the fields of investments, projects and speculation In stock exchanges, etc ....Thus the bank is of a dual nature and this will shorten a lot of time in the relationship and deals between the bank and other companies that formed later by the government. This duality will stop and end after the full recognition by the UN, where the bank will become the Central Bank of Asgardia all the meaning of the word and will continue to work on that basis.

The second is the Space phase which follows recognition by UN, after Amendment and revision of international space law and building the space habitat platforms for Asgardian citizens, where it will become The International Space Bank of Asgardia (ISBA) . Of course, new rules and laws will govern that situation as a whole but the ISBA will still work for both positions, Earth and space.

Anyhow to speed up the process of establishing the bank and shorten the time, money and effort, it is possible to propose the adoption of International Non-Governmental Research Organisation on Space – Asgardia(NGO Asgardia\ IUFV Asgardia) and to name it as the Central Bank Of Asgardia, even if temporarily and amend its laws to correspond and conform to the laws of central bank. Hence, the donations and financial assets transferred in the account of the organization will be directly owned by the bank and new donations and deals are directly wired to it which will be much faster, safer and easier process. On the other hand the bank will be accelerating and start launching projects that will provide income for the government, parliament and the state in general. We must not forget that the process of UN recognition include the presence of a sober financial entity of the nation concerned.

In the next episode, a package of infrastructure projects will be reviewed that will provide income for the next government and provide many jobs for citizens.

The first round of elections passed, leaving many important observations that should not be overlooked either by the current administration of Asgardia or by candidates or by citizens in general.

As for the candidates, we have noticed the magnitude of the effort they have made and are still making to continue this electoral process, which embodies the true meaning of modern democracy, which many countries still lack. We must recognize the value and magnitude of this effort. All the candidates voluntarily submitted to the elections, wishing to achieve the best for Asgardia, relying on their experience and their respective competencies in their field of specialization. This is an important gain for the government and should not be neglected. Personal and family, an additional burden for these efforts. As for the important observation made by the first round of the elections, the financial situation of most candidates. We all know that the issue is not limited to the amount of money that must be available to each candidate to be able to continue the competition, but this is in part a small gap made by the Central Election Commission not to announce in principle For the payment of election fees, which led to misunderstanding because most candidates were not ready for this matter, whether this was intended or not by the Election Commission it was better to develop a general declaration of principles that explains everything related to the electoral process in all its steps from the beginning.

But the candidates should not forget that the main objective of these elections is to build the desired state, the first space nation of its kind. To be a strong and solid nation, we must all strive to serve the state and its citizens. Therefore, every candidate must pledge his sincerity and seriousness. Whether we win or not in these elections, we must continue to perform the sacred national mission, give full support to the winning candidates and actively participate in the opinions, experiences and ideas to reflect the meaning of positive citizenship.

As for the interim government represented by the administration and the Central Election Commission, it must adhere to the principle of full transparency and dealing by showing the facts to the citizens and their candidates in order to build confidence between the government and the people from the beginning. The administration must realize that the political process is difficult and complex and needs to understand and communicate with the people In the political field of the State Administration successfully. The administration had to consider the candidates financially and postpone the payment of fees to another stage and then deduct these fees from the candidates later. Based on the principle of transparency, the administration is supposed to announce the proposed plans in the next phase and firstly, permanent headquarters for the parliament and the government, where the administration should explain to the candidates and members of the government of ministers and employees about how they move and their places of residence and whether they will pay these costs at their expense . It is not expected that the members of parliament and the government will not be present in their administrations permanently. Hence, the administration should clarify the process of full-time tasks of the parliament and the government and not to be absent or default, and other things that needed to be known in detail so that the candidates choose whether they want to continue or not .

As for the citizen, it is the key to the puzzle in this process. Without the people, there will be no government nor parliament. All Ashgardian citizens must abide by their moral and national duty and provide full support to their candidates and follow them later. At this stage, citizens can conduct demonstrations organized through the Internet and after obtaining permission from the administration to claim their rights and deliver their demands to the candidates from the beginning so that everyone knows the amount of responsibility placed on them.

For this purpose, a group of citizens can demonstrate in front of the headquarter of the administration representing the government of Asgardia. This headquarter is the home page ( asgardia.space) and here it is suggested to the administers of the page to create a special space for the demonstration and call it the (Freedom Square) and anyone can display on its page the subject of demonstration and collect the required number to demonstrate (10 people) and submit a petition to the administration of demands and objectives of the demonstration and then enter the space for the demonstration after being authorized and they can record video of the gatherings directly and live and uploaded on the page.

It is possible and even necessary to fund and rely on ourselves to achieve our goal of Asgardia, as a true and realistic nation. In this regard, we must take advantage of all our available resources. There is no doubt that the mainstay investment available to the citizens of Asgardia at the present time is the diverse experiences of citizens, ie, to invest in talent. From this perspective, we can create a platform for the launch of several investment and commercial projects around the world, which will return its income to Asgardia as a basis for the establishment of an effective capital covering the expenses of the Government of Asgardia in the long term while providing real employment opportunities for Asgardian citizens wherever they are. It is expected that there will be many obstacles in this way but we can certainly overcome them if we truly believe in our nation and cooperate with each other and intensify our efforts and confidence in ourselves to achieve what we want with sincerity and transparency. On the other hand, any investment project needs the foundations to be based on and be successful and from these foundations, the necessary capital, the right place, and the specialized management of individuals, technicians and manpower capable of implementing the project. These fundamentals are almost available to us and by reviewing the huge number of applicants applying for citizenship, we find that there are specialties in all fields such as: business administration, accounting, computer technology, data processing, projects and construction, trade, export and production , and other disciplines that can benefit Of , which are considered as a stock of experiences and thus a gain for Agardia. As for the capital, which is the basis for these projects, with a simple calculation process, we can provide part of it to launch competitive medium projects. These projects can finance themselves at the beginning and then are developed to be larger and capable of launching and financing other projects. To be realistic, we can now start to collect the capital from the unlimited donations from citizens as much as possible, as well as donations from businessmen around the world who may be enthusiastic about the Asgardia concept. Here, media and propaganda play the role of promoting this idea to gain the most donations. (And Again we must sincerely thank Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli for taking the expenses of establishing the Asgardia nation and making this a concrete reality. We must continue to achieve this goal by completing what He has begun) . Of course, the concept of capital must be accompanied by the principle of the bank and hence the need for the establishment of the Central Bank of Asgardia and its branches around the world, which will be the first real project, and it can collect and invest funds. On this basis, the concept of cryptocurrency becomes ineffective if we are to create realistic projects and investments, and the need is for a real currency to compete against other currencies and able to speculate on global stock markets

The main concept of a human nation is based on two principles, place and people. Unlike other nations, Asgardia, the first ever space nation has a unique advantage where the place factor will be the space, ie, not on the planet, but the factor of government and people is the same as the rest of the earthly nations. As everyone knows, the relationship between the government and the people is based on mutual trust and respect and is subject to the rules of mutual rights and duties of the government and the people. In this sense, here are some of the duties related to the government and citizens:

Main Responsibilities and Duties of The government Towards its Citizens

Maintenance of law and order

Protection of lives and properties

Protection of human rights

Promote democracy and social justice

Maintenance of external relations

Universal education and healthcare

Provision of social welfare services

Promotion of economic development

To provide employment opportunities

Invest in talent

Most Important Duties Of A Citizens Towards Their Nation

(a) Allegiance:

Every citizen is expected to be loyal to the state. His or her loyalty should, in no case, be divided. The state expects unstinted allegiance from its citizens.

(b) Obedience:

All the citizens should willingly and habitually obey the laws of the state. A democratic government is a government of the people themselves. Laws reflect their own will. There should not be, therefore, any hesitation in the obedience of laws.

(c) Payment of Taxes:

The administration of a country involves a certain amount of expenditure. This expenditure cannot be met without raising certain taxes. Citizens in their own interest, should, therefore willingly and honestly make payment of their taxes.

(d) Public Spirit:

Every citizen should be public spirited. He should not seek his self-interest and should always be ready to contribute his mite to the welfare of society.

(e) Honest exercise of Franchise:

Vote is a sacred trust in the hands of the citizens. It should always be used judiciously. Suitable represen­tatives should be sent to the legislatures. A wrong use of vote may result in a bad government.

(J) Help to Public Officials in the maintenance of Law and Order :

It is the duty of every citizen to lend a hand of co-operation to public officials in the discharge of their duties. Every citizen should try to remove evils and crimes from society by rendering help to the officials concerned.

(g) Work:

Every able-bodied citizen should work and try to add something to the social fund. Idlers are a parasite on the society. Work brings in wealth and prosperity in the country.

(h) Toleration:

Every citizen is expected to be tolerant towards others.

(j) Resistance:

It is more or less a moral duty. It is the duty of a good citizen to resist injustice from any quarter. If the government is unjust, it may also be resisted.

The main concept of a human nation is based on two principles, place and people. Unlike other nations, Asgardia, the first ever space nation has a unique advantage where the place factor will be the space, ie, not on the planet, but the factor of government and people is the same as the rest of the earthly nations. As everyone knows, the relationship between the government and the people is based on mutual trust and respect and is subject to the rules of mutual rights and duties of the government and the people. In this sense, here are some of the duties related to the government and citizens:

Main Responsibilities and Duties of The government Towards its Citizens

Maintenance of law and order

Protection of lives and properties

Protection of human rights

Promote democracy and social justice

Maintenance of external relations

Universal education and healthcare

Provision of social welfare services

Promotion of economic development

To provide employment opportunities

Invest in talent

Most Important Duties Of A Citizens Towards Their Nation

(a) Allegiance:

Every citizen is expected to be loyal to the state. His or her loyalty should, in no case, be divided. The state expects unstinted allegiance from its citizens.

(b) Obedience:

All the citizens should willingly and habitually obey the laws of the state. A democratic government is a government of the people themselves. Laws reflect their own will. There should not be, therefore, any hesitation in the obedience of laws.

(c) Payment of Taxes:

The administration of a country involves a certain amount of expenditure. This expenditure cannot be met without raising certain taxes. Citizens in their own interest, should, therefore willingly and honestly make payment of their taxes.

(d) Public Spirit:

Every citizen should be public spirited. He should not seek his self-interest and should always be ready to contribute his mite to the welfare of society.

(e) Honest exercise of Franchise:

Vote is a sacred trust in the hands of the citizens. It should always be used judiciously. Suitable represen­tatives should be sent to the legislatures. A wrong use of vote may result in a bad government.

(J) Help to Public Officials in the maintenance of Law and Order :

It is the duty of every citizen to lend a hand of co-operation to public officials in the discharge of their duties. Every citizen should try to remove evils and crimes from society by rendering help to the officials concerned.

(g) Work:

Every able-bodied citizen should work and try to add something to the social fund. Idlers are a parasite on the society. Work brings in wealth and prosperity in the country.

(h) Toleration:

Every citizen is expected to be tolerant towards others.

(j) Resistance:

It is more or less a moral duty. It is the duty of a good citizen to resist injustice from any quarter. If the government is unjust, it may also be resisted.

Dear Asgardian Brothers: Voters, Nominees, Fellows, sons of this first ever great space nation in the history of mankind. This is a great event we are living, the parliamentary and governmental elections, the first duty of both government and citizens, the democratic merit. The government begins its work by launching these unique elections representing one important step forward, sending a message to the whole world that the existence of Asgardia is a real and not just an imaginary project as some think, and at the same time assuring the Asgardians that it’s more than just a dream. Thus, the Asgardian government and its citizens have said their word and are going further and further. The forthcoming step is getting global recognition which is currently under action and will soon be achieved. No doubt that every nation has its own distinct historical record distinguished by the presence of great persons as everlasting symbols. Today we must mention Dr Igor Ashurbeyli, the founder and father of Asgardia, to whom we extend thanks, gratitude and respect, and we do not forget all those who accompany him who are working hard to make this a success. As for you , the citizens of Asgardia, the future generations will remember you as the elite that has achieved the dream and make it come true.

PETER KUBLIK – 23 JANUARY 2012

Requirements for human life are relatively easy to fulfill on a short-term basis. With a supply of oxygen, heat, water and food, humans can survive in space indefinitely. On the International Space Station, power is supplied by four huge solar arrays, food is brought on board by shuttles and oxygen and water are generated and reclaimed by specialized modules in the station. Therefore, people can live (relatively) comfortably in space for short periods of time (usually less than six months).

The problem of living in space becomes considerably more complicated when considering long-term stays. One of the key issues faced by astronauts is bone loss. On Earth, our bones are constantly being reformed in response to mechanical stress (osteoporosis is a disease where this process breaks down leading to very brittle bones, usually in the elderly). In space, the lack of gravity means that there is no stress on bones, which leads to severe bone loss. Studies looking at this problem have shown that it takes more than five years for astronauts to recover from the bone loss incurred by a six months stay on the ISS.

For a long-term stay in space, we would first need to establish artificial gravity. If you’ve seen 2001: A Space Odyssey, or read the novel Ender’s Game, you may be familiar with the idea of creating artificial gravity by rotating a cylindrical section of a spacecraft. Like most problems in space, it’s theoretically simple but very difficult in practice. Rotational acceleration would certainly produce artificial gravity, but if you rotate too fast your space station becomes an amusement park ride. Make your cylinder too small and gravity becomes stronger at your feet than it is at your head.

There are other issues to consider as well, such as the psychological effects of being entirely confined to a space station for long periods of time. However, the good news is that companies like Virgin Galactic and Space Adventures are already making space tourism possible. Currently, these trips are obscenely expensive and limited to space flights, but I would expect to hear serious talk about space hotels in the next 20 or 30 years.

By Hanneke Weitering, Space.com Staff Writer | January 26, 2018 07:00am ET

On January 26, 1978, the International Ultraviolet Explorer launched into orbit on a mission to study ultraviolet light emitted by stars and other bright objects in the universe. Because a lot of that UV light is absorbed by Earth's ozone layer, astronomers needed a space-based observatory to look at it. The IUE mission allowed astronomers to study hot, bright stars, active galactic nuclei, supernova explosions and more. The mission was a joint project between NASA and the European Space Agency, and it lasted more than 18 years before budget cuts led to its decommissioning.

The derelict satellite is still in orbit around the Earth today.